S84 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
[Oct. 10, 1903. 
been isolated, and it was alleged that inoculation with 
piire cultivation of these bodies in succession caused 
genuine distemper! Nothing of a. practical character 
arose from the experiments which were instituted. In 
1896 Professor Lignieres is recorded by Mr. Henry 
Gray, M. R. C. V. S., of Kensington, to have detected 
the specific organism, a cocco bacillus, one of a large 
class, found in fowl cholera, swine fever, guinea pig 
distemper, white scour and lung disease of calves. Dr. 
Phisalix, professor in the Laboratory of Pathology 
and the Natural History Museum in Paris, pursued the 
investigation, and his results during the last two years 
lend support to the view that a true vaccine has been 
found. Last year we commented on the report by Dr. 
Phisalix, which was forwarded to us by Mr. Henry 
Gray. The paper was a translation of a report read 
before the French Academy of Sciences, and gave an 
account of the results of the vaccinations against dis- 
temper during the year ending in the month of May, 
1902. We have just received a similar report from Mr. 
Gray continuing the record of vaccinations by Dr. 
Phisalix from May 15, 1902, to July 11, 1903. The 
writer remarks that since May, 1902, the vaccinations 
were continued, and a larger number of dogs had been 
experimented on; but in the present report Dr. Phisalix 
only includes the results of his own inoculations in the 
course of his work at the museum, with the addition of 
the results which came to him from other sources, 
contributed by medical men and veterinary surgeons 
who were able to give the closest attention to the 
animals operated upon, and to know exactly what the 
effect produced upon them was. In this manner de- 
tailed particulars have been obtained relating to groups 
of from ten to ninety-five dogs vaccinated by the same 
operator. Some hundred dogs included in the statistics 
were tested at the same time as control dogs also 
were, either by contact with dogs presenting the char- 
acteristic symptoms of the disease, or by being kept 
in places in which dogs had died or were dying of the 
infection. The inoculated dogs stood the test satisfac- 
toril}^, while the control dogs, meaning, of course, those 
which had not been protected by vaccination, took the 
disease. Dr. Phisalix remarks that he can present the 
following results as fulfilling all guarantees that can 
reasonably be desired of security and exactitude: 
Of 985 dogs inoculated, 18 only contracted the dis- 
ease, of which they died or for which were killed, 
showing a gross mortality of 1.70 per cent. The pre- 
vious statistics showed a mortality of 2.88 per cent. Of 
the eighteen cases of death seven occurred from two 
to seven months after the vaccinal period, when the 
dogs ought to have been immune. They represent, 
therefore, the exact proportion of failures, amounting 
to 0.71 per cent. only. In the case of the eleven re- 
maining dogs, two showed symptoms of distemper 
some days after the first inoculation, and the other 
nine were inoculated twice, and were attacked either 
after the first or a few days after the second inoculation. 
A dog which has reacted normally to one of the inocu- 
lations cannot be regarded as immunized till a fort- 
night after the second inoculation. It follows, there- 
fore, that during the time comprised between the first 
inoculation and about the fourteenth day after the sec- 
ond inoculation, nearly the space of a month altogether, 
the dog, if not already in the incubative stage of infec- 
tion, remains liable to contagion and natural infection, 
though the liability, it is true, grows less and less as the 
days run on. Mr. Gray designates this period as the 
negative phase of vaccination, and among the many 
hundred dogs which he lias already vaccinated, either 
on his own account or for some of his colleagues, he 
has never had any deaths among the animals during 
this period of vaccinal reaction. 
In order to form a correct estimate of the preA^entive 
efficacy of vaccination, it is necessary to make sure (i) 
that the dogs have never before been attacked by the 
disease, as a previous attack would confer upon them 
a certain immunity; (2) that the animals have not the 
germs of the disease within them (for this purpose 
the dogs should be kept under observation for a fort- 
night in a non-infested area before they are vacci- 
nated) ; (3) that it is necessary to avoid during the vac- 
cinal period exposing the dogs to direct or indirect 
contagion, or to damp, cold, over-exertion, or bad diet, 
all being causes which favor a natural infection. It is 
added in reference to 3 that in practice the latter pre- 
cautions — i. e., prevention of exposure to damp, cold, 
over-exertion or bad diet — alone suffice, as the vaccine 
has only a favorable influence on the evolution of the 
disease when it has alread}' openly shown itself or is in- 
cubating. It would seem, therefore, that it is not really 
necessary to keep the dog for a fortnight under obser- 
vation, as vaccination will only have a favorable in- 
fluence upon the result of contagion if the animal does 
become infected. 
A number of observations are recorded both in the 
report itself and in tables of fatal cases of other dis- 
eases occurring after inoculation, such as double pneu- 
monia, acute enteritis, gastro enteritis, intestinal lesions 
caused by foreign bodies, paralysis, epileptis fits, etc. 
It is not, of course, suggested that these accidental dis- 
orders were in any way connected with the inoculation. 
A certain number of dogs were vaccinated while they 
were suffering from attacks of different degrees of 
distemper. Of forty-four distempered dogs, thirty-six 
recovered. In one case particularly it is stated that a 
toy terrier affected with bronchial pneumonia Avas in a 
condition so serious as to be almost hopeless. The 
dog was, however, inoculated, and on the morrow the 
grave symptoms improved, and it recovered. Other 
serious cases are referred to by the author as afford- 
ing evidence that the vaccine has a beneficent influence 
on the disease after it has declared itself, justifying the 
.sj'stematic use which certain veterinary surgeons make 
of the vaccine in the case of dogs already attacked. 
In conclusion, Dr. Phisalix refers to the advantage of a 
double inoculation, instead of a single one, admitting 
that sufficient protection could be obtained at once by 
the use of a single virus, but the risk of loss from 
such vaccination would be increased, and he prefers, 
therefore, the two inoculations of graduated virus, as 
the immunity,;5pnferred by this process achieves the 
object of -protecting young dogs agajnst contagion and 
natural infeetio;!!. without doing any injury to their 
heakh^ afterAvard;— Fidd- (Londoii). 
Pointet Club* 
New York. — Editor Forest and Stream: The mem- 
bers of the Pointer Club of America, also others who 
propose to make nominations in the Championship Stake, 
should impress upon their minds that entries to the 
Derby, All-Age and Championship Stakes will close on 
October 15. Members' Stake will close before starting. 
A cordial invitation is extended to all owners of broken 
pointers to enter in the Championship or Free for-all 
Stake, and thereby assist in making our fourth annual 
reunion the red letter field trial of the club. Entry blanks 
will be mailed on application. The grounds at Holmdel, 
N. J., offer excellent advantages for the holding of a suc- 
cessful field trial, and as they have always been pre- 
served there will be no scarcity of quail. Excellent hotel 
accommodation has been provided for all who may at- 
tend, and the outbuildings adjoining the hotel have been 
placed at the disposal of members for their dogs. The 
trials will commence on Monday, November 16. Week 
dav trains will leave foot of Liberty street, New York, 
at'8:30 A. M., 3:53, 5:38. 630, 11:50 P. M. Sunday, 
9:1s A. M. and 4 P- M. C. F. Lewis, 
Secretary. 
« Wall Street. 
1! 
J, L Kernochan. 
Tames L. Kernochan, famous as a leading sportsman, 
died at The Meadows, his country place at Hempstead, 
L I., on Mondav of this week, aged 37 years. He was 
foremost as a dog fancier and as a horseman about New 
York. He maintained a large kennel, and a large stable 
of hish class hunters. As a cross country rider he was 
eminent for his skill and fearlessness. He was a mem- 
ber of the Meadow Brook and Rockaway Hunt Clubs, 
the Westminster Kennel Club and the Knickerbocker 
Club, New York. 
— — • \ 
National Beagle Club. 
At a recent meeting of the National Beagle Club 
of \\merica Mr. Charles Quynn, of Frederick, Md., 
and Mr. Thomas Shallcross, of Providence, K. i., 
were appointed judges, to judge at the fourteenth an- 
nual field trials of this club, which will commence on 
Nov 0, 1903, at HowardsviUe, Albemarle county, V a. 
^ ^' ^ Chas. R. Stevenson, Secy. 
Prizes fof Canoeists. 
In order to encourage canoeists and small boat sailors, who do 
their knocking about on inland waters, to keep a record of their 
trips and experiences, the publishers of Forest and Stream 
offer cash prices for the best accounts of cruises taken during the 
season of 1903. As few restrictions as possible will be imposed, 
and those given are made only with the view of securing some 
uniformity among the competitors' stories, so that the judges will 
be able to make a fair award. 
The prizes will be as follows: 
First prize, $50.00. 
Second prize, $25.00. 
Third prize, $15.00. 
Fourth and fifth, $10.00 each. 
Sixth to eighth, $5.00 each. 
I. The cruise must be actually taken between May 1 and 
November 1, 1903. ^ • , j 
II. The cruise must be made on the (fresh water) inland 
streams and lakes of the United States or Canada. 
III. The canoe or boat in which the cruise is made must not 
be more than 18ft. long over all. 
IV. An accurate log of the trip must be kept, and all incidents 
and information that would he of value to other canoeists covering 
the same route should be carefully recorded. 
V. A description of the boat in which the cruise is made 
should preface the story, and a list of outfit and supplies. 
VI. Photographs of the boat and of the country passed through, 
not smaller than 4x5, should, if possible, accompany each story, 
and they will be considered in making the awards. 
VII. Stories should contain not less than five thousand words, 
written on one side of the paper only. 
VIII. An outline chart of the trip di-awn on white paper in 
black ink (no coloring pigment to be used) should also be 
sent in. 
IX. Competitors should avoid the use of slang or incorrect 
nautical expressions in their stories, as it will count against them 
in awarding the prizes. 
Each manuscript to which a prize is awarded shall become the 
property of the Forest and Stream Publishing Company. All 
manuscript should reach the office of the Forest and Stream Pub- 
lishing Company, 346 Broadway, New York., on or before De- 
cember 1, 1903. 
Canadian Indians Built First Canoes 
Did you ever make an elder-pith popgun, a bass- 
wood windmill, or a man's face on a pine shingle? 
Then you are probably an angel. Almost every prop- 
erly constituted boy has wood on the brain. Ask your 
school teacher. Every sane boy has at some time in 
his life hankers to whittle and drive nails. Wood fas- 
cinates him. The first thing he swaps a cap-pistol for 
is a jack knife. He is not so particular about the ax; 
and he rarely pines for the bucksaw — after the first 
stick. He is too busy whittling. 
A farmer's boy any time not less than fifteen years 
ago could point you out about seventeen kinds of wood 
on his father's farm. He knew all by the bark, and 
most of them by the grain. 
White oak had those horse hair long lines with the 
big saw teeth inside. Red oak was like it, but coarser 
and more brash. Elm was twisty. Soft maple was 
white in the flesh and wavy red in the heart. Hickory 
was similar, but tough, with long ropy splinters. Bass- 
wood was a feminine kind of thing, soft and white, 
with red pith. Hemlock was as soggy as packed clay. 
Birch was hard and full: of dots. Turn him loose in a 
lumber yard at night :^tnd. that boy could pick you out 
half the kinds of tirhber by the touch arid the heft; th: 
rest by the smell. He had whittled most of them. 
Some time or other he got hankering to make 
boat. Perhaps he was a landlubber five miles from 
decent "crick" In that case, the old horse pond or th 
town line ditch at the dam would do to float the fabric 
to initiate him into that mystic craft — the aquatic assc; 
ciation of humanity. 
The oddest canoe ever seen on the Don was twfi 
scooped-out pine logs joined. That was the hermill 
Joe Taylor's, who himself lived in a dugout. But 
was long before his time when the first real canoe wa 
made of birch bark. We popularly credit Hiawathj 
the Ojibway, with the invention of that. For it wa^i 
he who sang: 
Give me of your bark, O birch tree! 
I a light canoe will build me, 
Build a swift Cheemaun for sailing. 
And perhaps the boy never went to school since tha 
epic got into the school books who did not feel a, 
though he was some relation to Hiawatha, and th- 
mythical Ojibway, the first man to think out a birc 
bark canoe. But bark canoes were made hundreds c 
years ago, as they are to-day, as far north of Hia 
watha's country as Dakota is north of Mexico. 
That is, the Arctic Circle; part of Canada not muc 
celebrated for tourists. Most of it is moss on toi 
of rocks. Most of the woods are on the shore' 
of Great Bear Lake, where the electric light 
are all in the sky. It would have bothered Longfello-V 
to write an epic about the heroes of that countrj 
The midnight sun may be as poetic as a birch bar 
canoe, but they are unconscious of it. They don 
build canoes for poetry, but to carry dried meat an 
skins, 1,500 miles to Fort Norman; also to spear car: 
bou in — a very lively kind of regatta. 
Wherever they roam in the summer in that quei 
big homeland they go in the bark canoes. The firi 
thing the traveler notices in one of their caribou ski 
villages is a line of canoes by the bay. And the bar 
canoe they build to-day is probably the exact image c 
the one they built in the year i of that land. 
A canoe often gets smashed on a caribou hunt ci 
worn out on a cargo lug. The family that owns it mm 
make another. They do it in that old-fashioned w, 
known as a bee. The squaws fix up in their very bei 
caribou skins, take their deerskin workbag — 
muskamoots — with the deer bone needles and f 
threads of skin and the caribou sinews inside. The 
pick out a mossy rock with the water in front and tl 
woods behind. There they squat, while the young g\r'\ 
lug out of the woods the rolls of birch bark cut by t' 
men. 
A canoe made on Lake Ontario may have sevd 
kinds of wood in it. The Great Bear Indians have Wi 
choice of but three; spruce, birch and willow. Tb 
willow is for coarse thread — about No. 2; just to bast 
with. The spruce makes the ribs, which are sewed o 
to the birch wale-streak. They never use nails. Nai; 
cost about a dollar a pound in that country. But tl 
bearbone needles are stout, and the squaws need n 
thimbles. 
The next item is to sew the bark rolls into a blanks 
for one canoe. This is just an Arctic Circle quiltin 
bee, Avithout the pie for dinner and the dance at nigh 
Imagine the gossip; the little love stories told 1 
those squaws; Jockwintee spearing fish yonder in tl 
bay is going to marry podgy Wanella there, with h 
flat, smoky feet sticking over the rock. See her bluF 
and simper as she gazes far out over the moss at tl 
Avobbling horns of a caribou buck nibbling at the mu:i 
hummocks. She pretends not to hear as she bites o 
her willow thread. But she already fancies that fla 
faced beau of hers paddling the new canoe that si 
helps to build. 
The blanket is stitched. Into the bay it goes ( 
soak while the girls gather spruce gum in the wood 
By the time they are back, the old women have tl 
soaked skin out and hung over the ribs. At it thf 
go, sewing it on to the birch rim. Then they all s 
in solemn silence on a rock to chew gum; not tut 
frutti, but wads of pitch. 
And when that pensive job is done and the cane; 
dry in the hot sun, they solder the chewed pitch nvi 
the seams with a red hot fir stick. The canoe is dot 
except for a few slats on the bottom. Eighteen fe' 
long and more than four feet wide, the primitive era 
weighs about fifty pounds; able to carry half a ton . 
dried meat and skins of musk ox; able to shoot afto 
the swimming caribou in the spear time; the same ye 
terday, to-day and forever; the "swift Cheemaun" 
the Arctic Circle red men who never heard of Hi 
watha and never saw a hammer or a nail. 
The white man has never improved much on tl 
fashion of canoe building set by the red man. A canr 
made at Sunnyside is stronger than a bark canoe 
the expense of being about twice as heavy. The shi 
is quarter inch. The maker buys it in inch stufif. I 
makes a canoe out of boards. The first stage is t 
sawmill. An inch board a foot wide is ripped into s 
canoe boards, each six inches by a quarter inch. T 
band-saw does that; a chain of teeth running round 
pulley. It cuts on a curve without a kink. Boards a 
marked to a curve and trimmed to the mark; ready fi 
the plane and the hammer down in the shop. 
Meanwhile a plank lies on a bench marked ofif in. 
six paddles. Oars are marked similarly, with mO' 
waste of wood. Sawn out to the mark, they are sc: 
to the whittling room, where the draw knife, the spok 
shave and the sandpaper make the blade ready for t" 
oil and the varnish. 
Suppose you want a canoe built, sixteen feet Ion 
with a thirty-eight inch beam. The first thing is t 
mold, which is nothing more than a huge shoemakei 
last to fit the canoe you want. The mold goes upsi 
down on two horses. In a groove at the top fits t 
oak keel, notched to go over the ribs. The ribs a 
rock elm — tough as whalebone — to bow under the k« 
and catch by the endsi in big swivel naiJs at the mc 
bottom. 
Sixty ribs go into one canoe — if the barque you wa 
is not a ribbed one but a smooth finish. The plan 
is busy, at his bench; up to the ankles in paper wlr 
shavings. That board he planes there is either ba; 
■ 
