46 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July a, 1888. 
an establishment which, in point of productiveness 
must rank far behind the extensive plantations cf the 
Malabar mountains, that by continued intensive 
culture and rational workings the yearly production 
of the whole enterprise, which consists of about 
1,000 bouws of surface, at the prices which are 
being now paid, can be increased readily to double, 
nay even treble the lately obtained crops, and also, 
what will follow as a consequence, that the cost of 
production per half kilogram bark will be able to under- 
go a considerable reduction. If, moreover, in the case 
of the Government enterprise, no calculation has to be 
made for interest on money borrowed, no taxes, such 
as rent, polltax, ground rent, &c, on the other hand 
it must not be forgotten, that the scattered nature 
and, in the case of a portion, unfavorable 
situation of the different establishments neces- 
sitates a difficult and rather expensive over- 
sight. From the figures given under sections 
4 and 5 it appears conclusively, that the 
distrust in the cultivation of cinchonas, a distrust that 
has its origin in the steadily declining price of the pro- 
duce, is not fully justified, and for our own part we 
believe, that should the market for cinchona bark 
show a rise during the next few years, a great decline 
in the selling price of bark cannot be of long duration. 
7. In formation regarding the Varieties of Cinchona 
Growing in Java. — The plants raised from the seed 
obtaiued in 1880 from Heer Schuhkraft have grown 
vigorously, and the bark of these trees will be analysed 
in the course of 1887. The anticipations thereanent, 
judging by habit and blossom, are on the whole rather 
small. The C. trianae (O. pUayensis) plantei at various 
heights from 4,000 to 0,000 feet continue to grow well 
in every way, and in the course of 1887 the product of 
these cinchonas will be analysed. 
8. Chemical Analyses. — The analyses of the ciop of 
1885 were again made in Europe by Mr. J. C. Bernelot 
Moens. Since his death these operations have been 
entrusted to the directors of the establishment for 
chemical analyses, Moens Van dersteen and Hekmeijer. 
The results obtained will be found in appendices 
B anO B 1. The analyses connected with the culture 
continued to be made by the Assistant Director of the 
Government cinchona enterprise. The analyses, the 
results of which are given in appendix O, had chiefly 
for object the discovery of the influence which the 
succirubra stem exerts on the composition of the 
bark of the ledgeriana grafted thereon. If from what 
was said in the yearly report for 3885 the influence 
was even then not to be disregarded, owing to the pre- 
sence of more or less cinchonine in the ledgeriana bark. 
The question, at what distance above the junction of 
succirubra stem and ledgeriana graft the influence was 
to be felt, remained still to be answered. The analyses 
were chiefly performed on barks of thegrafts of thewell- 
known rich mother tree No. 23, which tree was also sub- 
jected to chemical examination (analysis No. 50). From 
the analyses performed, it appears that the influence of 
the succirubra stem makes itselE felt most in the lowest 
portion of thegraft, whilst the influence is markedly 
diminished at J meter above the junction and 
thence up to J meter is as good as no longer trace- 
able (comp. analyses No. 20-32). From analyses of 
the graft of the mother tree No. 89 the bark ap- 
peared to contain a pretty considerable amount of 
cinchouidine (vide analyses No. 16-29), but in the 
bark of the mother tree also a certain percentage 
0-97 per cent, cinchouidine was found (analyses No. 
49' 'i'he high amount of cinchonidine in the bark 
of the grafts of the mother tree No, 73 (analyses 
No. 10 10) remains inexplicable, unless one supposes, 
that in the bark of this tree, which died in 1882, in 
spite of the analyses made, whereby no cinchonidine 
was found, that alkaloid was nevertheless present. 
The appearance of quinidine in the bark of the grafts 
of No. 23 (analyses No. 24, 25, 27, 28, and 30) raise 
the suspicion, that, in place of succirubra types, 
Huecirubra hybrids have been used, and the analyses 
give a new proof of the influence which the under 
stem exerts on the lowest portions of the cutting 
grafted on to it. Three of the largest almost seven 
year old grafts of uuanalyscd. mother trees were, in 
conclusion, also subjected to a chemical examination 
(analyses No. 37-48). In the case of two of the grafts, 
Letters A and C, it appeared, that only traces of the 
influence of the succirubra stem were to be discovered 
at i meter above the junction, and at J meter the 
influence was on the whole not longer traceable. 
From analyses of the graft Letter B it was to be in- 
ferred, that the bark of the mother tree itself must 
have also contained cinchonidine. On the strength of 
analyses made it may therefore be admitted, that the 
influence of the succirubra stem on the composition 
of the bark of the ledgeriana grafted thereon makes 
itself felt on only the lowest portion of the graft. The 
so much more vigorous growth which distinguished the 
grafts from seedlings and cuttings, a vigorous growth 
which is caused by the strong succirubra under 
stem, fully justify therefore the continuance of arti- 
ficial increase, in which the certainty exists that 
only very rich individuals will be propagated. The 
fear, that the succirubra stem might exert influence 
on the composition of the bark of plants raised from 
the seed of grafts, is not shared by us, chiefly be- 
cause, as has been seen, the influence is not felt on 
the higher portions of the stem. The analyses 
No. 51-54 show that a! slight retrogression in the 
amount of alkaloid is to be observed in bark powder, 
after it has beon exposed for about a year to the 
icfluence of light and moisture. 
Tirtasari, 10th March 1887. 
Appendix A.— Showing the State of the Government 
Cinchona Plantations in Java in the year 1886. 
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83 
5 
a Situation and mean height above sea-level of the plan" 
tations. (The height fjiven in meters.) b Years for which 
statistics are given e, d, e, are plants in the nurseries, viz. 
e Ledgeriana, d Succirubra, c Officinalis, f. g. h, i, j, are 
plants in the open, viz., f Ledgeriana, g Calisaya and Ifassk- 
arliana, h Succirubra and Caloptera, i Officinalis, j Lancifolia. 
k Grand Total of plants. 
(a) Among these are included 53,000 grafts. 
(0) Among these are included 160,000 cuttings and grafts 
(beside the more or less 3,300 original LedgerianasJ, 
