October i, 1888.] THF. TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST. 
265 
TEA, CULTIVATION IN JOHOKE. 
Dear Kir, — I had much pbasuro in mailing in your 
issue of the 6th instant, Mr. Keaughran's description 
nl the Bkudai District, and am greatly obliged to 
him for tho favorable notice he has given of the 
Tanah iMerah Tea Estate. Tliere are, however, one 
or two slight errors that I wish to correct. Of the 
original 60 acres opening, only 30 acres are virgin 
soil, yielding <I()U lbs. per asro or 12,000 lbs. iu all; 
30 acres old lalang land, yielding 300 lbs. per acre, 
or 9,000 lbs, in all; and 20 acres also of old lalang 
land, but some two years younger, yielding 150 lbs. 
per aero or 3,000 lbs. in all. This makes a grand 
total of about 24,000 lbs. of tea for the year, which even 
at 1 shilling average would only realizo some §7,800. 
Hut it must be remembered that the 2-1,000 lbs. is 
the whole outturn, and in this is included about 10 
per cent, or so of dust anil Souchong (coarse tea), 
averaging about 5d. per lb. I have got at public 
sales in London as much as Is. OJd. per lb. as an 
average, mul some of my valuations have been as 
high as 2s. (id., and I expect (o obtain Is. for my new 
teas now going in. — J. Hamilton Honter, Manager. 
—Straits Times. 
FOREST MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY. 
We hear much of the excellent system of management 
in German forests, and the value of the forests and for- 
est schools as training institutes for those destined to 
enter the forest service of India. Some notes on 
tho subject, therefore, from the pen of Sir Dietrich 
Br.mdis, the lato Inspcetor-Genoral of Forests of the 
Government of India, will be welcomed by all in- 
terested in forest matters. Sir Dietrich shows that 
mode rn forestry, so far from being' unduly a matter 
of routine, treats each portion of a forest with special 
regard to the peculiar conditions of the locality and 
the n (inirements of the growing stock, while due 
attention is constantly paid to the systematic arrange- 
ments on tho entire forest range;. While the system 
is thus elastic on the one side, due care is taken to 
prevent it becoming confused on the other. British 
foresters may, it is pointed out, be startled at the 
mass of what they may consider noedless minutiae 
and superfluous figures, but these details constitute 
tin' essence of methodical forestry. "The forester's 
success is based upou close observation of numberless 
minute details in tho development of the trees and 
shrubs of which his forests are composed. The ob- 
servations ami measurements made by him, combined 
with tbe results obtaii od by tho ri soarches of others, 
ooablo him to understand the complex problems which 
every forest presents, and to shape his treatment 
in the right manner. The fundamental principles 
underlying tho forester's profession arc simple enough, 
but their application is difficult. This must be learnt 
by study and by actual experience, as iu every 
other profession." The work bofore us is entitled 
Ifbt«8, and its author expressly says that it is not 
tu be considered as a complete treatise, but is vim- 
ply mi ant t. draw attention to a few essential points 
Which may bo useful to Indian foresters. Wo have, 
in fai t, an account of tho forests in the Grand 
huchy of Baden, including the Black Forest together 
With notes of forests in other portions of Germany. 
Of special interest are the uot»s on the rotation of 
forest ami cereal en. p. in some districts, where the 
coppice belongs to certain public corporations exerci- 
sing a common proprietorship over a definite tract 
of ground cultivating the domain on a common system 
and sustaining itself by the produce. The coppice i- 
cnt after sevonlocn to ninoteen years, tho bark 
pooled, th Is burned, the ashes spread over the 
ofoared land, and n crop of Itye -own. The share- 
holders have the right to grow this Rye crop for 
their individual benefit, but having gnthoreil in this 
crop th- plot relnpaos into the si«t iiudividi d or 
common property when the coppice is allowed to 
grow up again. The appendices contain tables for 
the conversion of the unbodied inetrcal system to 
the stupid and coufuso I system still in use ' in thi- 
oountrv. and an explanation of tho morn important 
Gurumn technical Utoic— ( iai\Ui\<r 3 ' ( '/iruaicic 
H 
THE GLASGOW EXHIBITION. 
An exception may however be made in favour of 
tea, not only because it is remarkably well repre- 
sented in this exhibition, but also on account of 
tbe growing importance of tho tea industry to the 
British dependencies India and Ceylon. Though tea 
cultivation has only been curried on commercially in 
the island of Ceylon during the last few years, since 
the excessive cultivation of the cinchona has rendered 
that industry unromunerative, tho import of Ceylon- 
grown tea into this country during twelve months 
is said to have already reached 11,300,000 lbs., whilst 
tho import of Indian -grown tea in the last two years 
has increased from 65,000,000 to 83,000,000 lbs. On 
the other hand there has been a corresponding falling 
off in the impoi tation of Chinese tea, and this, accor- 
ding to a recent consular statement, is causing con- 
siderable auxiety to the Pekiu authoiities. Moreover, 
a report presented to these authorities by an expert 
does not appear to have been very reassuring. One 
inference drawn from this report and other pipers 
by Her Majesty's Consul at Hankow is that both 
the Indian and Ceylon teas are better than the 
Chinese, although the Shanghai tea-tasters assert 
that China tea has naturally the better flavour. All 
admit, however, that tbe Indian teas are better 
grown and better prepared and that they are 
stronger and stand more watering. Ou tho other 
hand it is claimed that China teas keep longer 
thin the Indian, probably because they are freer from 
moisture, which favours fermentation. It is also 
alloged that" the removal of moisture means the re- 
moval of tannin, glucose and other elements," the 
retention of which in Indian tea renders it unwhole- 
some, " a bogie " th it is not likely to interfere much 
with its consumption. In the Ceylou court of the 
exhibition the growth and manufacture of tea is 
illustrated in all its stages, from the growing plant 
to the finished product in great variety, whilst it is 
only necessary to visit the Ceylon tea house in the 
adjoining grounds to ascertain the quality of the 
infusion it yields. A more cosmopolitan, and ex- 
ceedingly creditable display of teas, is that of Priugle 
and Orichton, of Glasgow (No. 826), since it iucludes 
varieties from Chiiia, India, Ceylon, Java, Japan and 
Central Africa, as well as the so-called Paraguay tea 
(Ilex pdraguayensis). A little painphlot issued by 
this firm contains a mass of information as to the 
characteristics of the principal varieties of these teas, 
though we cau only take from it a concluding quota- 
tion referring to the use of the term f* pekoe," con- 
cerning which in formation has recently been asked 
for 1 . "The qualities of tea in the several districts 
may be said generally to depend upon the age of 
the leaf. Tho finest is called orange pekoe, of which 
a certain portion is tho partly-grown youngest leaf 
on the point of the shoot. Pekoe is the first and 
second leaves further dowu. Pekoe souchong is the 
third leaf. Souchong is the fourth leaf. Congou 
lower still. Tho shoots may be picked as low dowu 
as to produce tho pekoe s'age only, but, generally 
we believe* the shoot is plucked at the third or fourth 
leaf, and then, in process of manufacture, the several 
kinds are ' sorted ' by sieves of various sizes." 
Pharmaceutical Journal. 

THE CHINA AND INDIAN TEA GROWERS 
The following, from the Calcutta EnyiLkmaa, is a 
report of the minutes of a meeting of tho commit- 
toe appoint! d to inquire into the State of the Tea 
trade at Canton : — 
I'n scut : — .Mi s rs. E. Deacon lin tho chair), K. D 
A lams, E. W. Mitchell, and U. 1!. Allen isicrctary 
t i tho meeting). Mr, E. G. Deacon was unavoidably 
absent. Tho Chairman having read tho notice con- 
vening the meeting, invited the members of tho 
oonunitee to give their views on the subject under 
consideration. A prolonged discussion then ensued, 
and it was finally decided to put the following on 
record as being home of the points worthy of tbe 
consideration ol tbe Chinese authorities, ajuefl the 
Tea trade ut ( uuton is to bo seriously crippled, if 
