3^4 
THF. TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. L^eceMber i, 1888. 
0 
a 
0 cj 
A a 
Hybrid Barks. & 
a'§ 
<y 
0 0 
I 
Pubescens 55'3 
2 
500 
35*1 
3 
48-0 
/IT -ft 
4 
47.4 
oy yj 
5 
TVf a orni'f'nl ift 47'4 
g 
1*nhp<;pPTlS 4fi*fl 
4i 4 
7 
ATftcnifnlia 43'5 
'-KM 
g 
43 '2 
OA.ij 
oy 0 
g 
43-2 
QQ.y 
OO'O 
10 
43 0 
11 
Maonifnlift 43 - 0 
44*4 
12 
QA.O 
13 
41*1 
00 u 
14 
TVTa nnif nl 1 n 4.0'fi 
47*4 
15 
„ 40-2 
A (\ • U 
16 
39-4 
o4 0 
17 
39-3 
OO 4 
18 
36-9 
51-8 
19 
36-8 
40*8 
20 
36-1 
48-9 
21 
j, 35 - 6 
50- G 
22 
34-5 
35*1 
23 
33-1 
44*7 
24 
31-0 
50'9 
25 
„ 30-8 
51*2 
Average 4L'2 
40-9 
tr. 
•7 
■6 
tr. 
5-2 
1- 5 
2- 0 
2-2 
0-5 
-a 2 
4- 2 
60 
5- 6 
7- 2 
31 
5- 3 
8- 4 
9- 0 
9-5 
9- 5 
3'2 
19'0 
19-3 
3*3 
10- 3 
12- 9 
17-5 
6- 6 
13- 2 
6-0 
6-0 
19-2 
15-4 
12-4 
9-S 
9-7 
O r *3 
*1 
(H « 
O 
8-3 
83 
4- 1 
5- 8 
99 
73 
8-2 
s-0 
8- 5 
10- 2 
9- 4 
3- 0 
66 
8-7 
8- 6 
11- 9 
5- 8 
4- 7 
9- 2 
9'0 
7- 2 
9-0 
6- 8 
5- 7 
8- 2 
7.7 
The above analyses were made on the natural bark 
of individual trees from 7 to 16 years of age, and they 
are arranged according to their value in quinine, which 
occurs from 55 - 3 to 30'8 parts per 100. The figures for 
cinchonidine more or less increase with the decrease 
of quinine; these two alkaloids together form four- 
fifths of the whole. The quinidine as a rule is found 
in those barks in which the quinine predominates, and 
iu that kind called pubescens. With regard to the 
less valuable alkaloids, it is very satisfactory to notice 
their deterioration in the hybrids compared with the 
species ; the cinchouine is seen to be in the same small 
proportion peculiar to the crown hark, and the amor- 
phous alkaloids, commercially regarded as worthless, 
are much lower than in the red bark. 
The arrangement of the analyses according to the 
percentage of quiniue shows how the hybrids lake up 
an intermediate position between the succirubra and 
officinalis. The highest amount of quinine in the succi- 
rubras is the lowest in the hybrids, and the highest iu 
the hybrids merges into the lowest in the officinalis. 
This illustrates the complete fusiou that takes place 
in the alkaloids of the barks through the process of 
species-hy bridization . 
Several plots at Naduvatam are devoted to the cul- 
tivation of hybrids, and the plants, as might be ex- 
pected, are of many varieties. About 70 per cent, 
are forms of hybrids previously noticed and the re- 
maining 30 per cent, is a mixture of the two parent 
species and a few other new strains. A few analyses 
of barks from selected trees of five years of age will 
show the variety of forms raised from hybrid seed. 
Character Quinine Cincho- Quini- Ciucho- 
of trees. nidine. dine, nidine. 
1 Hybrid 
la „ 
3-32 
2-58 
„ -87 
2a „ -90 
3 Officinalis 2-85 
4 Succirubra "85 
5 Officinalis 3'10 
6 f"iu<;«i rubra 1 '85 
2-99 
2-91 
•98 
2-75 
1-11 
1-24 
1-88 
207 
•13 
•II 
•15 
■09 
•41. 
•43 
2-96 
l'OS 
•40 
2-79 
1-17 
1-36 
Amor- 
phous rp-i i 
Alka- iotal - 
loids. 
••19 
•63 
■70 
•40 
•35 
•56 
•96 
7-21 
6-55 
5-64 
5-10 
•l\S8 
5-60 
G-S0 
634 
No. I. Height 9 feet. Girth 6 iuehes. 1 
ovate, crumpled, i-'labnius, dark green, 
atrongly pubef-cent beneath, 6x4 inchos, 
0| slightly produced on the leaf-stalk. 
eaves broadly 
glossy above, 
base rounded 
No. 2. Height 10 feet. Girth 6?, inches. Leaves 8 x 
4J iuehes, ovate, flat, glabrous above and beneath, as 
also the young shoots, dark green, shining base rounded 
or slightly produced. 
No. 3. Approaching the officinalis type. Height 9 
feet. Girth 8 inches. Leaves 5 x 3 inches, very broadly 
ovate, dark green, shining above, glabrous on both sur- 
faces, base rounded, scorbicuhe on upper surface pro- 
minent. 
No. 4. Approaching the succirubra type. Height 8 
feet. Girih 7 inches. Leaves broadly ovate, shining 
above, slightly puberulous beneath, dark green, crum- 
pled, produced at the base. 
No. 5. Approachiog the officinalis type. Height 
9 feet. Girth 5£ inches. Leaves 4 x lj inches, lanceo- 
late, narrow, perfectly glabrous, dark green glossy, 
folded inwards upon the upper surface, leaf-stalk 
reddish. 
No. 0. Approaching the succirubra t; pe. Height 10 
feet. Girth 8 inches. Leaves and young shoots 
pubescent. Leaves 10 x 8 inches, light green, variable 
in size, crumpled, base scarcely produced. 
The two barks marked " 1 " and " la " are in appear- 
ance like the pubescent hybrid, and their analysis con- 
firmsto some extent theresemblancein that they con- 
tain a large proportion of q nnine and cinchonidine in 
their alkaloids. Nos. 2 and 2a have the habit of the mag- 
nifolia hybrid, but the presence of quinidine and the 
large amount of cinchonidine and cinchouine respect- 
ively, indicate ne<v features in the alkaloidal com- 
position thit might be referred to new forms produced 
by hybridisation. Xos. 3 and 5 are the broad-leaved 
and narrow-leaved officinalis, and are very character- 
istic in their analyses. Although the latter is the 
richer of the two it is superseded in quinine and 
totalB by the first pubescent hybrid. Nos. 4 and 6 are 
the dark and light-green-leaved varieties of succirubra. 
The malysis of the former corresponds throughout 
with the glabrous hybrid No. 2, while the analysis 
of the latter reveals a composition almost identical 
with the true type of the Nilgiri succirubra. In the 
plot where these barks were collected it was noticed 
that the trees of the parent forms flowered and seeded 
sooner than the hybrids, but on the other band th» 
hybrids were more vigorous in their appearance and 
had more foliage than the species; this perhaps, is in 
confirmation of a botanical law that in hybrids the 
growth is strong but the sexual functions are weak. 
Before concluding the subject some analyses might 
be quoted of hybrids grown in the Bengal Government 
Cinchona Plantations at Mongpoo, near Darjeeliug, 
at 3500 feet elevation. The results are very interes- 
ting in showing jthe difference between hybrids from 
foreign localities grown in the same situation. The 
three kinds were from trees raised from s^ed from 
Jamaica, the Nilgiris and Mongpoo, and each sample 
was taken in strips from about forty trees or varying 
types. Mr. J. A Gammie. in sending the samples, 
says, " Here at Mongpoo our own type of hybrid yields 
quite doub'e the bark that the Nigiri type doej, whilst 
it in its turn yields double as much as the Jamaica 
sort. Perhaps on the Nilgiris our type would be tho 
poorest of the three. The Nilgiri and Jamaica plants 
approach much nearer than ours to the officinalis, a 
species that is a failure with us.'' 
Jamaica. Nilgiris. 
2-22 2'47 
1-93 1-98 
Quinine 
Cinchonidine 
Quinidine 
Ciuehonine 
Amorphous alka- 
loids 
•64 
5 54 
•58 
•59 
Mongpoo. 
2-02 
2-50 
•17' I 
•66 
5-62 
•31 
5-66 
Iu this case it would be misleading to place much 
importance upon the analysis of the bark alone, as the 
samples are pretty equal in value, considering their 
content of alkaloids ; but, taking into account the fact 
that the Mongpoo hybrid yields so much more bark 
than the others, it would, of course, be more remuner- 
ative to cultivate tbisvaiiety iu the Himalayau planta- 
tions, 
