684 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1889. 
the pyramidal form and the oldet pruned 
trees are also gradually acquiring this mucli desired 
form. The method of pruning followed since the 
middle of 1886 not only has the advantage, that in 
pruning only those branches are removed which are 
borne down by those higher up and thus are of no 
more use for the further growth of the plants, but 
it also manifests itself in an increased production, both 
of manufacturers' and of pharmaceutical barks. 
'The measurements of ledgerianas, begun in 1879, 
were continued. The mean height of the nine years 
old plants at Tjibeureum raised from seed was now 
5 - 94 meters with a circumference of 0'40 meter. 
The maximum height was 6 - 71, the maximum circum- 
ference 0 - 61 meter. At Tirtasari the measurements 
of the eight years old grafts and plants grown from 
cuttings gave a mean height of 5 32 and 4 41 meters, 
with a mean circumference of 0'36 and 0 - 31 meters, 
whilst the maxima of height and circumference respec- 
tively were 6'61 and 5'37, 0-56 and 0-47 meter. The 
Helopeltis antonii continued to make its present felt 
on all the establishments with the exception of Kawah 
Tjiwidei. In the young plantations the insect was 
pursued as soon as it manifested itself ; and thus the 
plants did not suffer harm therefrom. At Tirtasari 
the insect made a pretty severe attack upon some 
portions of older plantations, which had been very 
roughly treated by the storm during October and 
had received a check in their growth by the breaking 
off of their branches. As the capture of the insect is 
impossible in the case of the older trees, in the 
affected portions of the plantations a repeated and 
thorough stirring of the soil was made use of with 
a view to furthering the formation of leaf and as far 
as possible to counteract the damage done by theinseot. 
Little or no damage was caused during the past year 
to the plantations by caterpillars, and only slight injury 
was done at Tirtasari to young plants by the larva? of 
chafers, which gnawed off the roots of the trees. More 
damage than by insects was caused at Nagrak by the 
root disease of the cinchona trees which was experienced 
in greater or less degree on most of the estates in the 
Residency of the Preanger Regencies. From an in- 
quiry instituted by us by order of the Government, 
the result of which is given in a separate report, we 
appear to be able to draw the conclusion, that the 
conditions for the existence and propagation of the 
disease must be sought in excessive moisture in and 
incomplete aocess of air to the soil. The altered 
mode of operation practised at Nagrak in the pre- 
paration and upkeep of the plantations is a consequence 
of the result of the inquiry instituted. 
4. Crop of Bark. — The crop of 1887 amounted to 
703,313 half kilograms of bark, which was dispatched to 
the Netherlands for sale. No bark was applied for by the 
Military Medical Service. The bark was obtained 
principally by the thinniDg out of dense plantations of 
ledgeriana and succirubra. At Nagrak three bouws of 
C. josephiana and two bouws of C. crdisaya anglica were 
rooted out, the plantations having begun to exhibit 
a sickly appearance ; at Tjinjiroean, josephianas that 
were met with as scattered trees over some ten bouws 
were dug out and harvested. On the remaining 
establishments the uprooting of plants was confined to 
a couple of bouws of C. succirubra, a bouw of C. calisaya 
anglica, and a bouw of C. lancifoUa. The bark con- 
sisted of: — 
Numbers. Net weight 
Varieties of Cinohona. 
Bales. 
Ohests. 
in half-kilos. 
C. sttcciyubra 
C. josephiana ((!. calisaya 
schwikraft ) 
C. calisaya (C. calisaya 
javanica) 
C. calisaya anglica .. 
C. calopttra . . 
C. ledgeriana., 
(J. officinalis . . . . 
C. lancifoUa .. 
770 
398 
43 
139 
16 
2,285 
344 
45 
250 
114 
2 
20 
9 
15 
3 
5 
151,145 
84,761 
7,343 
25,197 
3,648 
369,713 
51,113 
7,393 
Total 
4,040 
418 
7o:i,313 
From these figures it appears, that the crop of 1887 
exceede ! that of the previous year by 177,615 half- 
kilograms. The increase is chiefly due to the out- 
turn of C. ledgeriana, the crop of which in 1886 
amounted to 238,764 half-kilograms. The remarkable 
increase of ledgeriana bark, the crop of which in 1886 
amounted to only 155,287 half-kilograms, is partly due 
to the larger area of plants, which for the first time 
during the past year yielded any bark ; to the plants 
being older ; but especially to the universally practised 
thorough stirring of the soil and rale strictly adhered 
to during the last couple of years : to harvest season- 
ably, often and moderately. The ledgeriana bark was 
obtained chiefly by the thinning out of trees that were 
being or were likely to be weighed down, whilst 
only those branches were removed and stripped, 
which were pressed down by higher branches. Very 
remarkable as is the increase of bark, in connection 
therewith the fact is worthy of note, that in conse- 
quence of the severe depression in the prices of cin- 
chona bark, less and lens thin pieces of stem and root 
were harvested, so that under normal conditions the 
crop would have been much larger. Finally it may 
be noted, that by the method of harvesting pursued the 
formation of a capital of bark remains the chief object, 
so that the increase of bark in the plants is still left 
out of view. How great is this increase of bark in the 
plants, can be judged in some measure from the in- 
creasing production, which, inasmuch as it is obtained 
exclusively by thinning out, may be considered as the 
interest on the capital The favorable influence of the 
generally adopted intensive method of cultivation is 
also seen by the outturn of the graft and cutting 
plantation at Tirtasari, where 30 bouws of plants of 
an average of five years of age gave in 1886 a crop of 
36,246 half-kilograms, whilst the same plantation and 
some five bouws of younger plants in 1887 produoed a 
crop of 53,483 half-kilograms. That the future of 
cinchona cultivation must be sought for chiefly in the 
creation and continuance of old plantations, is more- 
over proved by the fact, that from the original 
ledgeriana plantation at Tjinjiroean, some four bouws 
in size and about 21 years old, there was obtained in 
1887 by thinning out a crop of 10,465 half -kilograms, 
consisting of : — 
2,976 half-kil. bkn. quill containing 7'14 p. c: quin. 
1,861 „ „ „ „ 6-63 „ „ 
2,334 „ small pieces „ 3'87 „ „ 
3,294 „ root bark „ 6' 59 „ „ 
Total: 10,465 half-kil. bark containing 
an average of 6 - 15 p. c. quin. 
and giving 8 - 27 quinine sulphate. Deserving of notice 
also is the fact, that the ledgeriana mother tree No. 89, 
which bad to be dug out on account of disease, pro- 
duced a crop of 146 half-kilograms of wet and 72 
half-kilograms of dry bark. For the artificial drying 
of the bark a Davidson's X Sirocco was erected at the 
begining of 1887 at Tirtasari, which has succeeded very 
well and answers requirements better than the drying 
furnaces at Tjinjiroean and Nagrak, which however con- 
tinued to render good services. On all the establish- 
ments on the southern ranges buildings have now been 
erected for the placing therein of six new drying 
machines like that at Tirtasari, which have been indent- 
ed for, whereby harvesting, which under the present 
method of cultivation must experience no check, can 
be carried on uninterruptedly independently of the 
weather. The crop of 1886 was sold in Amsterdam 
in 1887 at eight public auctions. The average price 
realized at the various sales amounted to /0'54 2s per 
half- kilogram and the gross return to /285,359'66. 
Tbe prices of the manufacturers' barks C, ledgeriana 
and C. officinalis varied from 108 to 29, those of 
pharmaceutical barks from 180 to 16 cents per half- 
kilogram. The high prices which have been paid 
during the last few years for calisaya quill barks 
were an inducement to return once more as far as 
possible to the harvesting of ledgeriana in quills and 
the packing of it in chests. There is the more in- 
ducement thereto, in that the bark of C. calisaya 
