April i, 1889.] 
THE. TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
685 
and allied varieties of eiuehona will in a few years 
belong to the past, or at least will be restricted to 
a minimum. By way of experiment 15 chests of 
ledgeriana bark in quills out of the crop of 1887 were 
sent to Amsterdam. From July 1888 the bark from 
the Government gardens will be dispatohed direct to 
Tandjong Priok instead of to Batavia. During the 
later months of the year the crop was sent as inland 
produce, that is to say, the carriage by rail was no 
longer debited to paragraph 191 of the budget for 1887. 
5. Staff; Finances. — Among the European staff there 
were no changes of importance. A. second-class over- 
seer was allowed to retire honorably from his post, 
in consequence of which a third-class overseer was 
appointed to the second class and a probationer over- 
seer was promoted to the third class. The vacancy 
caused by the death of a probationer overseer was 
speedily filled up. The fixed native ■ staff consisted at 
the end of December 1887 of 5 carpenters, 1 paoking 
house mandoor (also postman), 29 mandoors, 236 
boedjangs, and a servant for the chemical laboratory. 
There was no oause of complaint on account of want of 
labor. Even during the sawah [wet land] working season, 
when the supply of men for work is limited, there 
was no break in the regular course of operations, 
since the plantations have arrived at and are kept in 
such a condition, that a temporary cessation of field 
operations, especially those of stirring of the soil and 
upkeep, has little or no influence. Under the system 
of harvesting adopted, whereby women and children 
are required continuously for the stripping of the 
bark, the lack of these during' the coffee-picking 
was indeed at one time felt, the harvesting having 
been on this account, though not entirely stopped, 
yet considerably retarded in some oases. The ex- 
penditure on account of the enterprise amounted in 
1887 to:— 
Salaries of the Director, the Asst. Direc- 
tor, and the other European staff /'32,700 O0 
Stationery ' 36000 
Travelling and halting expenses . . l,225 - 75 
Planting, gathering, dispatched and sale 
if cinchona seed and grafts, with 
expenses connected therewith .. 96,882-27 
/131,168-02 
being /6, 628-02 more than was estimated in the budget 
for 1887. As has been stated under the heading 
of " Harvesting," part of the produce was sent direct 
to Tandjong Priok indead of to Batavia,. and the crop 
of the later months of the year was sent as inland 
produce, whereby a comparison of the expenditure 
with former years must be restricted to the collective 
cost of management and working with the dispatch 
of the produce to the railway stations at Bandoeng 
and Tjimahi. For 1886 the expenditure amounted per 
half-kilogram of bark to f0-22°i 
for 1887 0-17 25 
being thus a saving of 4 7r >c per half- kilogram, which 
saving is chiefly a result of the so much greater crop. 
According to their annual report for 1886 the collec- 
tive expenditure including the dispatch of the pro- 
duce to Batavia amounted during the year to /124,368-40. 
The collective cost of the dispatch of the 
produce to the Netherlands beside 
that of sale &o. amounted to .. 40,8tl"96 
rn . Total.. /1G5.2103G 
Ihn gross return of the sales held at Amsterdam in 
1887 amounted to/285,369-66; so that from the crop 
of lb86 a bargain was realized of /120 149-30 not 
reckoning a sum of /1,885, which v vas produced by 
the sale of grafts and seed. The pecuniary results of 
the enterprise'for the year 1886 are thus again smaller 
than those for 1885 in consequence of the great 
tall in prices of cinchoua bark during the year 1887. 
ine collective expenses reckoned per half-kilogram 
? ;u '^ , " c ' udln S d^patch to Batavia amounted in 18SG 
W those of the dispatch to Europe beside 
tl ose of sale of the produce &c. f0-Q7'or. : total 0S1*K 
,5°?' 0 " s *ra-P« half kilogram of bark averaged 
to$-<>V° gain per ha,lf- kilogram, amounted 
6. Information regarding the Varieties of Cinchona 
Grown in Java. — The plants obtained from the seed 
reoeived in 1880 from the late Mr. Schuhkraft were 
during 1887 subjected to a chemical analysis. From 
the appended statement of the analyses obtained, it 
appears that the bark of these trees at five years 
old contained an average of 2-53 p. c. of quinine. 
These plants therefore are not worth consideration 
for purposes of cultivation. Far less still are the 
plants raised from seed received in 1882 under the 
names of Fine and Finest Oalisaya of Mapiri, C&li- 
saya of Inquisivi, Zamba meroda, Dwrasmilo and Cocola. 
the bark of which was analysed during 1887. Satis- 
factory on the other hand were the results of the 
analysis of the bark of C. pitayensis. At five years 
old the average content of plants raised from seed 
was 4 - 85 p. c. quinine. Although in the composition 
of the bark coming behind C. ledgeriana, yet the cul- 
tivation of this plant promises to be not unprofitable. 
The bark has in appearance much resemblance to that 
of C. officinalis. In chemical composition it does not 
fall behind the latter, in fact has a remarkable agree- 
ment therewith, but its growth is considerably 
stronger. The cultivation of C. pitayensis therefore 
is deserving of recommendation on the higher lands, 
where the ledgeriana does not succeed at all or but 
poorly. As the few unisolated trees will yield no 
seed, from which typical plants can be raised, it is 
intended to form a graft plantation of C. pitayensis 
for obtaining seed later on. Now that the plauting 
of officinalis is continually decreasing on accouut of 
the all-powerful ledgeriana, and the quill barks of 
C. officinalis, so suoh in demand in trade, known under 
the name of Loxa or crown bark, threaten to dis- 
appear from the market, the planting of C. pitayensis 
promises very well for the future, and may be of 
great value for high-lying plantation. 
7. Chemical Analyses. — The bark of the 1886 crops 
was as in former years chemically analysed at the 
Quinological Laboratory of Moens, van der Sleen, 
Hekmeyer. The results are given in appendix B. The, 
analysis of the barks of the crop of 1887 was also 
for the most part entrusted to the same laboratory. 
Since September 1887 the analyses of the bark 
gathered since that date have been performed by the 
Assistant Director of the Government Cinchona Enter- 
prise, to whom also the analyses in the interest of 
the culture continue to be entrusted. The analyses 
made in the interest of the culture and of the pre- 
paration of the bark are given in appendix C. Their 
objection the first place was to obtain more descend- 
ants of the plants raised from seed of the richest 
mother-trees, in order to reserve these for artificial 
propagation and create seed plantations therefrom. 
Of the analysed trees one was found with a yield of 
13 per cent quinine, which may be regarded as a 
valuable acquisition. From the analysis of renewed 
succirubra bark 6 years after the application of the 
Mclvor system, it appears, that bark still con. 
tinues to maintain its composition ucchanged, and 
shows as yet no return to its original composition of 
succirubra bark. Specially noteworthy are the analyses 
29-37, made in connection with the question, to what 
temperature cinchona bark may be exposed in drying. 
From the analysis it appears, that a temperature of 
105® Celsius can be reached without danger, but that 
with a temperature of 110° O. a slight diminution 
in the alkaloids is to be noticed, whilst the decrease 
is considerably augmented by drying the bark at a 
temperature of 115° C. The bark intended for ex- 
periment was first dried in the sun and then for 
24 hours exposed to temperatures of 70° to 120° 
Celsius. The question whether the influence of these 
temperatures is the same when practised on freshly 
gathered bark remains yet to be answered. 
8. Condition and Prospects. — In the annual report for 
1886 it was shown, on the basis of figures which 
wore also given in that report, that no proper rela- 
tion existed between the cost of production and the 
prices obtained at sale, and on this ground a cou- 
siderablo reduction in tho selling price of cinchona 
bark was prophesied. Not only has the prophecy been 
