)8 
THE TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1881 
trees gave per tree 0*088, the four year old 0 loo 
kilogram dry bark, so that 12 to 7 trees rsspect- 
ively would be necessary to produce 1 kilogram of 
bark. The trees on which these experiments were 
made stand at distances of 6 feet for Ledgeriana and 
5 for officinalis, and are growing well. According to 
the analyses the average value of these barks was 
estimated at /' 6 and / 4 per kilogram, according to the 
present market, rate. Measurements were also laken 
in a flourishing garden at Tjibeureum of two year 
old tree* planted at 5;} feet. The average height was 
i 45 meter, the diameter of the top 1 meter, * while 
the circumference of the stem was 01 meter measured 
at 0 1 meter above tbe ground. Among 50 trees 
standing together, which served for the purpose of 
this mea-uremeut and will also serve for the con- 
tinuation of these experiments, only two c mld be con- 
sidered hybrids. The maximum given by one of these 
rees was a height of 1*9 meter, a diameter of tbe 
upper part of 1 -4 meter, and a thickness of the stem 
circumference of 014 meter. The Hdopeltis Antonii 
continued its attacks on the plants, though not to 
any great degree. The catching of these insects was 
can fed on steadily. But when they appear here 
and there at the very highest tops of the succirubra 
trees where they cannot be reached they spread once more 
over the plants, and the extermination of these pests 
is most unlikely. At Rioen-Goenoeng half a oouw 
of Ledgeiiana plants was entirely destroyed by the 
ko3-oek, f the larva of a chafer, which had chosen the 
finer rootlets in this plantation for its fnod. In the 
young succirubra gardens at Lembang many caterpillars 
of Daphnis hypothous Cram. $ were found, which 
were feeding on the leaves of this variety of cinchona 
1 ait otherwise did no harm to the plants. As the 
officinalis gardens at Tjinjiroean, Tjibeureum and 
Kioeu-Goenoeng — which were apparently opened at too 
low an elevation fcr this variety — were steadily getting 
wor.-e, were continually damaged by the Helopdtis, 
and were gradually dying out entirely, it was resolved 
at the end of the year to write off the whole of the 
trees, to dig out what remains, and to use the land 
tor other varieties. 
4. Harvesting of Bark. 
The crops of 1879 amounted to about 53,000 kilos, 
of which 51,000 kilos were destined for dispatch to 
Europe and 2,000 kilos for the medical service in 
[Netherlands] India. At the end of the year 36,134 kilos 
had bei n exported. The continuous rainy weather greatly 
hindered the drying of the bark, and this process 
weut on only very slowly, as no complete appliances for 
artificial drying were available. The dispatch was at- 
tended with difficulties. Si few laborers were to 
spare on the establishments that none of them could 
he taken to transport the packed biles and chests to 
the cinchona packing houses at Tjikalong and Tjihan- 
joew.mg, and coolies were not be had for months lor 
that purpose. Since November the needed draft cattle 
also, for the transport carts, were not to be had, as 
they were required for the ploughing of the sawahs. 
On this account in the beginning of January there were 
still 16,960 kilos left in the pa -king-houses. The cin- 
chon 1 bark of 1878 was sold at Amsterdam in two 
balcues, on the 30tb April and 2nd July. The following 
prices per half kilo were realized : — 
( '. Calif aya Ledgeriana ... f 6"31 8 ... / 5 - 60 
,, ,, Javauiea ... ,, l - 38 3 ... ,, 1 SS 1 
Scb.uhk.-aft ... ,. T20 6 ... ,, 0 9S J 
,, ,, Anglica ... ,, l - 58 ... ,, 
* Apparently the diameter of the crown of the tree 
ac -oss the branches is meant. — Eb. C. O. 
t It is to be regretted that Mr. Moens does not 
flive the scientific name of this insect : koe-oek (pro- 
nbunced leftwuk) in Malay meant) a tiger-cat. — Tr. 
% Dr. Snellen van Vollenhoveu has kindly identified 
iis t g useful or noxious to the cinchona culture only. 
C. officinalis 
,, succirubra 
,, Hasskarliana 
,, Vahudiana 
,, lancifolia 
,, caloptera 
/ 2 80 5 
175 6 
„ 1-23 
„ i io 
„ \m 
„ 1 35« 
0-83< 
115 
The average price of tbe first batch was J i'tl^-, 
that of the second /209 8, per half kilo. The highest 
price, /9 per half kilo, was paid fo r a chest of shaviiii B 
of Ledgeiiana bark, the produce of tbe experiment 
of cutting off only the outermost layer of bark from 
the living tree. The total amount realized was 
/ 197,417 '23; the expenses of sale and dispatch were 
f 17,716-30, so that the net result was / 179,700-93. 
The experiments with the mossing system of Mclvor 
were continued, and in 1879 1,129 succirubra and 
716 officinalis trees at Tjibiloeng and Kawah-Tjiwidei 
were again treated by this method. For covering 
indjoek was chiefly used this time in place of moss, 
as it had already been found that this stuff succeeded 
quite as well, was more easily procurable, and allowed 
of a more rapid completion of the trees. Of th^ 
hundred succirubra ttees which were treated in this 
manner in 1877 for the first time at Tjinjiroean and 
Tjibeureum not one has yet died. In 1S78 the second 
strip was not taken from 18 of these trees, as the 
first had not completely renewed. In 1879 it appeared 
that on 12 trees the second strip had not completely 
renewed. The renewed bark of the first strip, which 
was thus two years old, was now taken off. In those 
parts where the renewing had succeeded well the 
bark was quite loose and was 6 to 8 millimeters thick. 
In many places however it was thinner and adhered 
closely to the stem. Altogether 160 Amst. lb. were 
obtained from this experiment. These trees have thus 
yielded : — 
In 1877 240 A. lb. original bark, 
,, 1878 280 „ ,, mossed original bark. 
,, 1879 160 „ ,, renewed bark. 
On stripping for the third time the impression was 
created, that it would be better, in place of taking 
off the renewed bark in the third year of the experi- 
ment, in this manner, when it is two years old, to 
wait another year, and thus to give the tree a year's 
rest. According to information from British India 
the same result has been arrived at there. In 1878 
at Tjinjiroean, Tjibeureum and Tjibitoeng together 
1,000 trees were stripped according to Mclvor's 
method, which yielded 1,252 A. lb. bark. At Tji- 
bitoeng, on the removal of the second strips of ori- 
ginal bark, the trees were carefully examined, and it 
was found that of the 454 trees, which were covered 
half with moss and half with indjoek, in the case of 274 
the first strip had renewed completely, in 178 it was 
not entirely renewed, and in 2 it had eutirely failed to 
renew. Of these trees 23 had been injured by the larv;- 
of coleopteia, aud of these 28 had been covered with- 
moss and 4 with indjoek. At Kendeng Patoeha 
(Kawah Tjiwidei) in 187S 50 officinalis trees were 
partially stripped. They then yielded 27 A. lb. bark. 
In 1879 the second strip was removed, and again 
27 A. lb. bark were obtained. Seven trees had died, 
in ten the first strip had not renewed, aud many 
had been injured by the larva of a chafer (Eury- 
trachelus eurycephalus Bdrm. ) which, under the moss, 
bored through the stems. In 1879 2,316 trees wer« 
again operated on, which yielded 826 A. lb. dry 
bark. At Nagrak the experiment was made ou 
C. Calisaya Schuhkraft. From the first stripping 
in 1878 70 A. lb. and from tbe second in 1879 65 A. lb. 
original bark were obtained. At the end of a year 
four of the trees were dead, and on 20 the bark 
had not entirely renewed. The expenses of mossing 
were made up in various ways, and depended chiefly 
on the greater or less difficulty of procuring moss 
and indjoek. They averaged, in the case of succirubra. 
