July i, 1881.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
99 
at the first stripping : for moss covering 15— 24c. per 
tree, for indjoek covering 10— ISc. per tree. At 
the second stripping 51— 2c. was necessary, at the 
third about 11c. per tree. The indjoeking of the 
officinalis trees at the first stripping cost 5c, the 
mossing (iic. per tree. On the whole the impression 
conveyed by this method of harvesting in the case of 
succirubra is not unfavourable, so far as the ex- 
periment has gone. The succirubras which have been 
three years under this treatment have as healthy an 
appearance as trees left intact, as in the case of 
those where the bark did not renew the bare patches 
of wood, which died on the surface, were for the 
mo^t part covered by the outgrowth of the interjacent 
strips. That many of the officinalis trees and several 
succirubras will be attacked by insects, was feared 
from the first. By covering with indjoek. the evil will 
apparently undergo a diminution. The renewed bark 
is of very good quality and of a high commercial 
value. There are however some great drawbacks 
connected with the method. The material for covering, 
where the work is done on a large scale, is difficult 
to procure- The stock of moss in the immediate 
neighbourhood of the gardens is soon exhausted, and it 
has then to be sought longer and at a gr eater distance. 
Indjoek is also difficult to procure in quautity, and if it 
has to be brought from a distance it is expensive, has 
to be often fetched, and thus takes away too much 
labor. Private persons in British India are already 
making use of the straw of a species of grass, the 
fruit of which is eaten by the natives (coraly-grass), 
which is apparently Cynoswrvn coracuna. On account 
of the scarcity of labour at present prevailing in the 
cinchona gardens it is with difficulty that men can 
be spared for the stripping and covering, which 
moreovei requires the best men. The experiments 
of treating other varieties besides succirubra and 
officinalis according to Mclvor's system gave results 
which cannot justify their continuation, as the re- 
newed barks were not much better than the original. 
Renewed officinalis barks will for the first time be 
analyzed in 1880. The experiments with the method 
first begun in 187S, of cutting the bark in chips from 
the living tree, were continued in 1879. A year after 
the bark was cut from five experimental trees this 
was repeated for the second time. On the first 
occasion there was obtained from these trees about 
0'52 kilo and on the second 0 - 41 kilo dry bark pet- 
tree, so that the bark had replaced itself to almost 
its original weight in one year's time. On these trees 
only half of the bark was cut from two sides of the 
stem, while the two other sides were left intact. 
Regarding the chemical investigations of these barks, 
which are very remarkable, information is gi\>n under 
sec. S. Although the quantity was very satisfact- 
ory the quality left something to desire, and it will 
be advisable to give the barks somewhat longer — at 
least two years— rest. For this reason the larger ex- 
periment, with GO trees, lias not been continued this 
year but will be deferred till 1SS0. For the first 
time this method has beeu tried on 110 officinalis 
trees, which yielded 95 A. lb. bark, on 121 succirubra 
uees, which gave 339 A. lb. bark, and on 459 Ledgeri- 
anas, from which 590 A. lb. dry bark was obtained. 
These ba.-ks were dispatched with the crops of 
1879, for the purpose of ascertaining th.-ir commercial 
value. The officinalis trees e uttered apparently not 
:n tin- least, the Ledgeriauas iomewliat more thui 
formerly, aud the *uecirufcra trees rooked very sickly 
for some weeks. Probably one reason of this is that 
whereas the former experiment with this method waa 
made in the dry season the bark is now cut off at 
the beginning of the rainy season, it being 
supposed that the trees bear this treatment pro- 
bably better in the period of lest than when the 
rlow of sap is in full force. The injury is not per- 
manent, for at the end of one to two months tne 
appearance of the trees was perfectly fresh aud 
healthy. The cost of scraping was: for succirubra 15 
cents per tree or 1 ^ cent per lb. bark, for 
Ledgeriana 2 f„ cents per tree or 1 , 7 0 cent per lb. 
bark. The succirubra trees were scraped to a 
height of 3 - 8 meter, the Ledgeriauas to 18 meter 
above the ground. The stems weie not covered with 
moss or indjoek. The experience, that the replanting 
of a land where a cinchona plantation has been 
already cropped occasions such difficulties, makes it 
all the more important to find a method which per- 
mits the obtaining of a regular supply of bark with- 
out killing the trees themselves for tnat purpose. 
There was sold this year at Amsterdam on account 
of private parties 105 bales and 29 chests of cinchona 
bark, the proiuce of the lands Pamanoekan and 
Tjiasem, Tjiomas, Waspada and Lerep. The barks 
were analyzed for sale by Messrs. dAilly & Sons. 
The prices were in accordance with the qualities 
offered, and the yield of alkaloid satisfactory. 
5. Establishment; Material; Expenses. 
By the Government order of 15 Jan. 1879, No. 
7, it was determined that the staff of the cinchona 
enterprise should be increased by an overseer of the 
second and one of the third class. In the previous 
order of 7 Nov. 1878, No. 4, the appointment of an 
assistant director was promise!. These were accord- 
ingly fulfilled by the appointment of the controleu: 
of the 1st claas R. van Romnnde as assistant direci- 
or, by Government order of 22 June 1879, No. 2. 
By order of the Director of the Inland Affairs dated 
26 Feb. 1879, No. 132, E. J. Veulemans was appointed 
to the office of overseer 2nd class, and A. A. 
Stauffenbeil Zijmers was appointed overseer 3rd class. 
There was no change in the rest of the European 
staff. The fixed native establishment comprised at the 
end of December : 1 cinchona mantri, J carpenter, 
1 packing-house mandoer also postman, 14 mandoere. 
and 175 boedjangs. The obtaining of labour during 
the year was difficult in the extreme, and at the 
time of the paddy harvest most of the establishment? 
lost a great part of even the fixed laborers, who could 
not only work to greater profit but found a more 
pleasant occupation, coupled with feasts and the as- 
sociation of acquaintances and friends. The establishment 
that suffered worst from this was Rioen-Goenoeng, 
which for months had to manage the upkeep of about 
150 bouws with 11 fixed laborers and their wives. 
In November and December the people returned 
again, and several came to offer themselves to be 
taken on as boedjangs. The nursery-houses are in 
good condition. The great nursery-house at Tjinj 
roeau was specially adapted for the Ledgeriaua 
grafts. At Nagrak a new nursery-house was com- 
pleted, which gives every satisfaction. The expenses 
connected with the enterprise consisted of : — 
Salaries of the European 
staff 
25,375 00 
330 00 
Travelling and halting ex 
penses . . . 
2,1S7-(J9 
Salaries of the fixed hativ 
e staff ... 
17,460-00 
Pay of day laborers ... 
10/506 04 
Construction and repairs 
>f tools ... 
()42-9S 
Transport and packing of 
b:>rk .. 
2,475-42 
Do. of money and n 
aterials. 
62-75 
Materials for the upkeep < 
f nursery - 
houses and sheds ... 
1. 156-87- 
Daily requisites for the 
analytical 
laboratory ... 
251-50 
Servants for the laboiato 
ISO 00 
i;t),G2S-55' 
being/4,681 '4 I ' less thin was estimated in the budget 
of 1S79. 
