September i, 1881.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
2 57 
dispose of his plantatic 
ment cmi prevent givin 
tracts lo obnoxious peop 
Sultan and his chiefs 1 
he and his chiefs are 
for any revolts or disti. 
the natives of the diet 
. By this measure Govern- 
out contract or sale of con- 
s ; but at the same time the 
ing left owners of the land, 
•sponsible for the contract : 
factory rela 
As Mr. • 
docs not 1 
m have equal la 
on one side ad 
mises. Tho coolie, on th 
a certain amount of worl 
to be made to adhere 
as 
the coolie is 
his time of 
t. The plant, 
the coolie foi 
i coolie is soo 
trying to 1m- 
l coolie. The 
Is to 
ation 
■day 
gooa enougn to wan 
punishment expires, 
to his part of the cn 
a civil complaint aga 
what one can get oul 
planter not only loses 
Speaking of the pris 
a Deli friend gave me 
last twelve months 
prisoned. Out of the 1 
the plantation on the 
others having either 
causing to the estate 
Recently a new hi 
prOvc tho relations bi 
intention of tho legh 
nly partly applied, i 
work it, it has tumc 
the planter, and a ik 
Moreover, the native p 
rule, an efficacious exi 
greatly on the goodwill 
enoiher want badly 
op n a country ; to s 
good roads are of firs 
there is in the whole 
bv Government. To 
up country would be 
mouths of the year," a good shower rendering the 
roads impracticable. A sugar, tapioca, or other estate 
producing articles that cannot stand much transport 
expenses would certainly come to grief, only on 
account of tho roads ; the roads being bad the carts 
cannot bo properly loaded, and wear and tear on 
cattle carts would rise up to the end of a season to 
a ruinous amount. 
Another great drawback is tho costly labour, the 
Government not having succeeded or tried to get the 
permission of free emigration to Deli, either from 
Madras or China, tho planter has to paj high advances 
aud commissions for procuring labourers. With a 
little goodwill and persverance the Government might 
vet succeed in getting permission of free emigration 
from tho above-named countries, and would by tho 0 in- 
fer a boon upon all concerned in the country. 
At present tho country yields to Government a net 
profit of about ll..")()l),Ol)i( against wbi ■'■> nothing Inn 
boon done yet for the benefit of the country, and very 
liki ly nothing will be done until it is too lato. Tho 
tobacco plantations have land left lo plant only for a 
few yean more. Planting for a second timo on tho 
same hind does not pay, trials made with tobacco 
8 onth and north of n il have turned out failures. So 
65 
d made 
chinery 
the next question is, what will be the future of Deli? 
It is pretty soon said ; if the Government does not 
try to remedy the existing evils, in a few years more 
the planters will havs to leave a ruined country, being 
very likely ruined themselves —L. and C. Express. 
CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. 
(From the Pharmaceutical Journal.) 
f the courtesy of Dr. Trimen, who about eighteen 
ths eince succeeded Dr. Thwaites in the charge 
he Royal Botanic Gardens in Ceylon, we have 
furnished with a copy of his report for the year 
'. This memorandum shows many indications of 
energy of the new Director, and contain* much 
which therefore a few defa 
During the year 1880. 
Is may be selected. 
the cultivation of cinchona 
in C< 
prev 
estat 
lderwenta development unparallelled in any 
:ar, and it has now become general on all 
litable situations. The species principally 
grown are C, officinalis and C. succirubra, and of these 
many planters have now extensive nurseries, so that 
the demand at the Royal gardens for seed has almost 
ceased, and it is not thought necessary for the Govern- 
ment to continue longer the propagation of those species 
to any • great extent. At elevations above 4,530 
feet, the climate is found to be very suitable to C. 
officinalis, but lower down the other species do better. 
The C. officinalis exhibits considerable variation in the 
form of the leaf, which rauges from narrow lanceolate 
to broad oval. A quick -growing broad-leaved form, 
much in favour in Ceylon and incorrectly called C. Con- 
daminca, is thought to be possibly the result of cross- 
ing with C. succirxbra. A sample of the bark of the 
narrowest-leaved variety {€'. erispa) has been submit- 
ted for examination to Mr. J. E. Howard, F. R. S., who 
has reported that it corresponded to the bark for- 
merly known as " cre-pilla bark " (the Quina fina 
de Loja), and that it contained 5 '2 per cent, of total 
alkaloids, of which 4"1 per cent, was quinine, or equal 
to 5*45 per cent, of quinine sulphate. Some of this 
bark, obtained by coppicing, was in February last sold 
in Miucing Lane at 7s. Gd. per lb. 
Of the still more valuable C. Ledgeriana there were 
only about 3,000 plants in the Government garden at 
Rakgahv, most of them raised from seed obtained from 
Java in 1878. Only about 1,250 plants have there- 
fore been distributed, but there is reason to believe 
that many planters are iu possession of plants raised 
from seed obtained by themselves from .lava. The 
important observation has also been made that although 
c. Btdgeriana is difficult to propagate by cuttings it 
may readily be grafted on C. succirubra, 
A note of warning is raised as to the danger of 
allowing opportunities for hybridization, such as havo 
no doubt injuriously affected many cinchona cultiva- 
tion experiments. It ij .urged that if any of the in- 
ferior kinds of cinchona are growing in i lie neighbour- 
hood of the V. Lrdijcrianu trees they should be at once 
destroyed. Further, it is recommended that the bark 
from selected trees should bo analysed by a compet- 
ent chemist, and tho results compared with the cli;v ac- 
ters of tho trees, and that only those varieties yielding 
a good bark analysis should be preserved as teed trees 
and all others ruthlessly exterminated. 
A few plants of ('. officinalis, var. puhesems, a fast- 
growing variety, which some lime suco was spokon 
of very favourably by Dr. dS Vrij and Mr. J, E. 
Howard (sou I'/iann. Jciirn., vol. viii (1S711, p.p. SOS 
and 625), have survived the journey from the Isilgiris 
and are doing well. They are, however, reported as 
having at present much tho appearance of C, nUXtrubtt, 
