270 
THE ^TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [September i, 1881. 
This, however, does not represent all the advantage 
which Government derived from its cinchona pro- 
perty during 1880-81. For, aa is shown in my report 
on the plantation, the saving effected by substituting 
febrifuge _ for quinine in Government hospitals and 
dispensaries dining £he year slightly exceeds four and- 
a-half lakhs of rupees, or in other words is nearly 
equal to half the entire capital expenditure on the 
plantation. 
In addition to his duties as manager of the planta- 
tion, Mr. Gammie has been in executive charge of 
the factory during the year, and I have again to bring 
to the notice of Government the admirable efficiency 
with which he has discharged his onerous duties. 
Not only has been Gammie conducted the routine of 
febrifuge manufacture with precision and skill, but 
he has spent much time on attempts to increase the 
percentage of it extracted from the bark. These at- 
tempts, I am glad to say, promise to end in success. 
Mr. Gammie has also succeeded in turning out a 
crystalline preparation of the febrifuge which, being 
free from the amorphous alkaloid, may prove a 
pleasanter medicine than the febrifuge in its present 
form. Mr. Gammie's crystalline febrifuge is a very 
pretty preparation, being nearly as white as quinine 
itself. It is now under trial in various Government 
hospitals, and if it is reported well of, arrangements 
can be made for its production on a large scale. 
Mr. Gammie has continued to direct his attention to 
the economical manufacture of sulphate of quinine. 
Decided progress has been made in this matter since 
last year, but further experiments will be necessary 
before I can advantageously submit a full report on 
the results. The head writer in the cinchona office, 
Baboo Gopal Chandra Datta, has worked excaedingly 
well during the year, and to him my acknowledg- 
ments are due, 
10. As an appendix to this report, I give a tabular 
statement of the details of the cash receipts for 
febrifuge, &c, for the year. 
Cash Income for 1880-81 
Gash received for sale of febrifuge and 
paid into the Bank of Bengal and 
other Government Treasuries 
Credit for cash paid for febrifuge into 
Dinagepore Treasury by Civil Sur- 
geon of Dinagepore during 1880-81 
Credit for cash for febrifuge paid into 
Hooghly, Burdwan, Jessore, Eungpore 
and . Dinagepore Treasuries by Civil 
Surgeons of these districts during 
1879-80, but credit not previously 
given to this office 
Credit for cash paid into Bank of Ben- 
gal during 18S0-81 by Superintendent 
of Lock and Police Hospitals, Cal- 
cutta, for febrifuge indented for dur- 
ing 1380-81, but supplied after the 
year had closed 
Cash paid into Bank of Bengal, Cal- 
cutta, and into Darjeelmg Treasury 
on account of sales of seeds, plants, 
and bark ... 
Credit for febrifuge supplied to Medical 
Depots, viz. : — 
R. A. p. 
Calcutta 40,545 0 0 
Bombay 33,030 0 0 
Madras 8,305 0 0 
B, 
52,673 0 0 
Total credited by Accountant^General... 1,47,316 11 G 
Set proceeds of sale of bark in London 
(not credited by Acconntaut-Gencral) 32,340 7 5 
1,79,057 2 11 
NOTES ON GUMS, RESINS, AND WAXES, 
By C. G. Warnfokd Lock. 
(From the Journal of the Society of Arts.) 
The following economic notes, from the journals of 
recent travellers, seem worthy of reproduction in a 
collective form :— 
Senegal Cum. — The product of acacias which grow 
in the neighbourhood of the Sahara Duiiug the 
harmattan winds, the gum exudes from the bark of 
the trees in tears, and solidities in the open air, the 
amount of exudation depending upon the force and 
duration of the wind. The production in 1S71 was 
3,161,905 kilo (of 2-2 lb.). 
Mpafu. — A large tree yielding a sweet-scented gum- 
resin, much valued by the natives on the Victoria 
Nyanza. 
Gam Arabic is produced by Acacia gtmntifem 
(Mimosa gwmmifera, Acacia coroidllujoliu, Mimosa 
coronillxfolia, Sassi yummifcra), a scarcely known 
plant of Morocco, occurring abundantly as a thorny 
Dush in the iower region of sou'h and west Morocco, 
according to the testimony of the natives, who call 
the plant alh tlah. The gum does not seem to be 
collected ia the western portion of its range in South 
Morocco, but in Demnet, whence it is carried to Moga- 
don Possibly it is only in the hotter and drier re- 
gions of the interior that the gum is produced in 
quantities to be worth gathering. At any rate, its 
gum is yielded only during the hot, parching months 
of July and August, and increases according to the 
hotness of the weather and the sickly appearance of 
the tree, being least after a wet winter and in a 
mild summer. 
Some accounts suppose the Moroccan gum Arabic 
to be derived from Acacia arabka, which is found in 
Senegal ; but ail the inquiries made by Consul B. 
Drummond Hay, for Hooker and Ball, agree that this 
plant, the atlc awarwhal of the Arabs, is not found 
in Sus, no such tree existing either north or south 
of the Atlas Mountains, its -um being brought from 
Soudan, and of inferior quality to that of A. yummifcra. 
It is further stated that this latter species grows 
chiefly in the produces of Blad Hamar, Rahauima, 
and Sus. 
Elemi. — This used to be brought in large cakes to 
Bembe (West Africa), and is said to be very abundant 
at not many days' journey. 
Jutahy-seca. — A resin or gum which exudes from the 
bark of the jutahy tree of rirazil (Hym'ntsa mirabilis); 
universally employed for varnishing native pottery. 
Copal. — Red gum copal is almost entirely the pro- 
duct of the Mossulo country (Angola), though it 
exists farther north, as at Maugue Grande. Until 
1858, it was a principal export from Ambriz to America, 
but the war stopped it. According to native accounts, 
it is found below the surface of a highly ferruginous 
hard clay, at a depth of a few inches to two feet. 
It probably extends much deeper, bu' the natives are 
too lizy to look for it. It occurs in irregular flat 
masses up to several ibs. The natives only dig for 
it during and after the last and heaviest rains in 
March-May, and restr.ct the export to maintain the 
price. No trees and but littles grass grows over the 
spots. The tree is said to be abundant in the woods 
adjoining the inner side of the wilderness in Usambara 
(East Africa), but does not extend farther inland. 
A great staple of the district traversed by the nawly- 
mad'j road from Dar-es Salaam, through the Waza- 
maro country, is gum copal, which is found in many 
parts. This fossil resin seems to exist, even in the 
richest diggings, only in patches, as tuough it were 
produced by isolated trees. The natives appear to 
work the country nowhere systematically ; tbey sink 
test-holes, and, on finding traces of the resin, work 
that part thoroughly. In many places, test-holes 
have been made and the place abandoned as useless, 
