September i, 1881.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
273 
been collected in quantity. Though an article of un- 
doubted value, it would perhaps scarcely repay ex- 
penditure of European time and capital ; but the 
natives might surely render its cultivation a very profit- 
able undertaking. The wax is soluble, or nearly so, 
in boiling alcohol, also in benzine and ether, but only 
very slightly in turpentine and carbonic disulphide 
(C S 3 ). Its composition is G 13 H 20 0. It is found 
at many widely-distant points throughout Sirguja, and 
is abundant, and suitably situated for experimental 
cultivation, on the arjun trees growing upon the 
embankment of the Purulia lake. 
The Gum Trade of Somali Land (East Africa). — The 
gum, or habak, always sold in grades, bears the name of 
unhohib. On sifting, it is always found mixed with a 
small quantity of other sorts which make weight in the 
balance ; these are the habak euddi and the hah ah foilala. 
The incense, or luban, sold in grades, takes the name 
of beiho. The swphi, or " triage," is divided into three 
qualities. The 1st, fasous ; the 2nd, nagoua • the 3rd, 
medjiyel. The mphi, or "triage," is made into doukans, 
when the arrivals are not too great, by women and 
children, who are paid about 61. a day. 
Too myrrh has but one quality, but it is necessary 
to be on the guard against the admixture of false 
myrrh, of the same colour, but more powerful odour, 
which the Arabs call addi. It is easy to recognise 
this latter, which always appears oily. 
The nniiili, called in Europe "gum elemi," is a kind 
of incense in large bleached tears. It presents the same 
grades as Incense, and buyers aim especially at preserv- 
ing the tears unbroken to heighten the value. 
The aid, or mowcoud, is a grey gum, with an 
exquisite odour recalling t iat of ambergris. 
The addi, or false myrrh, whose odoriferous wood 
is mixed with the woodoE djirmeh, has an odour when 
burnt closely resembling that of " seraglio pastilles." 
The faUah-fallah is a resinous bark, which is burnt 
to give off a peculiar odour, under the name of habah 
droun. 
Statistics of the annual receipts of gums and incenses 
at the ports of the Medjourtine coast :— 
Bohars. 
Bender Ziyfula 250 
Bender Gascm 1,200 
BeX^ag' j , 900 
Borah 300 
Gandala 500 
Bender Khor 1,000 
Efts OrbtS 250 
Meraya 1,500 
Gnersa 200 
Guesli 400 
Bender Felii 700 
Atloula 1,000 
Total 8,200 
The bohar is equal to 136 kilo., or, say 8,200 bohars 
are about 1,200 tons; this increases to 2,000 Ions in a 
good year. 
Myrrh reaches two places only- 
Bender Giisem 30 Bohars. 
Borah 3 „ 
1 1 album, in 1877, received 25 bohars. 
Magnificent incense-trees, two to three feet in dia- 
meter, are found on the lofty mountains towards the 
QOrtb coast of Somali Land. Marcyeh, an important 
vill i.v\ lying over 30 miles west of Capo Gardafui, 
has a large export of myrrh and incense. 
Obeidh, the capital of Kordofan, is the centre of a 
forge trade in gum, which is collected in the woods 
by bh • women nail ohildren, and taken to their villages, 
WJiere it is disposed ot to petty itinerant traders, for 
ultimate dispatch to Kumpi-. 
Moroccan <i>im Anwionioewn (which must not bo 
confounded with the Persian product of Dorcma Ammo- 
6*9 
or whale), is an object of commerce with Egypt 
and Arabia, where it is employed, as of old, in fumi- 
gating. The plant affording it is called fashooh in 
Arabic, and has been hitherto referred to Freula 
orientalis, or F. tingitana; but Ball and Hooker con 
sider it decidedly an Elaloselinum, probably E. hurn'de. 
Leared was told that this plant grows at a place two 
days from Mogador, on the Morocco road ; but Ho°ker 
and Ball were assured that it is found nowhere along 
that route, nor nearer to it than EI Araiche, a place 
lying north of Morocco city, which is confirmed by 
information gathered by R. Drummond Hay, to tho 
effect that it occurs near Morocco, aud chiefly around 
Tedla. 
Gum Sandarach is a product of Callilris quadrivalvhs 
[Thvja articulata, Freneta Fontanesii), a tree indigenous 
to the mountains of North Africa from the Atlantic 
to East Algeria, its eastern limit being undetermined. 
The resiu, once a reputed medicine, is collected by the 
Moors, and exported from Mogador to Europe, where 
it is used in varnish-making. 
Euphorbium (/urn is produced by Euphorbia resinifera, 
a tree confined to the iuterior of Morocco. The juice 
flows from incisions made with a knife, and hardens 
and diops off in September, the produce being 
abundant, only once in four years. The people who 
collect the gum tie cloths over their mouths and nostrils, 
to exclude the small dusty particles, which provoke 
intense sneezing. The gum once had a wide medicinal 
use, but the trade in it is now rapidly declining, and 
its consumption is restricted to veterinary practice, and 
as an ingredient in a marine paiut. 
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT 
OF THE COFFEE INDUSTRY IN 
JAMAICA. 
(Extracts from Mr. D. Morris's Lecture on "Some 
objects oj Productive Industry " delivered at the Town 
Hall, Kingston, May 17, 1S81.) 
When speaking of the high prices obtained for 
Blue Mountain Coffee exported from Jamaica, it is 
well, however, to bear in mind that, relatively, 
it bears but a small proportion to the whole quantity 
exported from this Island. I have been unable 
to procure exact returns, but, I believe, I am not 
far wrong when I assume that most of the high- 
grown and best qualities of Jamaica Coffeo are 
shipped to the Liverpool market. If this assump- 
tion be correct, then we may set down the proportion 
of the best Coffee at about one-ninth or at the most 
at one-eighth of the total quantity exported. For in- 
stance, during the year 1S79, the total exports reached 
99,715 cwts. • of this 10, 109 ewte. o. less than one-ninth 
are given as having been shipped to the Liverpool 
market. It is owing to this fact, no doubt, that we 
find Jamaica Coffee quoted at such low figures in 
the London and New York markets— its merits there 
being evidently based on the produce grown by 
settlers and small proprietors who possess neither 
the means, nor the requisite skill, for curing the 
coffee properly. 
In the Parish of Manchester, for instance, coffee 
of very good quality is grown : aud, I am glad to 
find several very energetic and successful planters 
are devoting increased attention to the eubjeot. As 
Manchester coffee, grown at clevatious from I, SOU 
to 2.S00 feet, obtains from 90s. to 100a., and sometimes 
120s. pur cwt., it may reasonably bo supposed that 
nearly, if not quite, all the settlers' produce, form- 
ing the vast bulk of our exports, Mould obtain 
much higher prices if it wore carefully cured and sent 
to tho market in a sound condition. Tho gre it draw- 
back to improvement under this head arises from the 
want of central curing establishments, cither iu 
