November i, 1881.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
and 
five 
Hi. • 
flow 
forn 
li 
hca< 
still 
the danger is by no means over. I have still 
or six hundred lino plants in nursery, but I 
ot put I hem out, till 1 can put quicklime into 
ides with them. The vermin do not like to 
lie with this substance : at least, while it retains 
•austic duality and till that departs they will 
retty safe. I read of cacao trees bearing heavily 
rhere within their third year. I have here a few 
flourishing plants over two years, that have 
;rcd abundantly for nine months past without 
th Sept — For the last four days rain has been 
y and frequent, and work is almost at a stand- 
halfa-day yesterday and none to-day. 
Cotton will be king once more. That crop is magni 
ficent, fully 7,000,000 of bales, it is said. The 011I3 
deficiency is in the Southwest. It is the Southern, no 
the Western merchants who will be the groat patron: 
of New York during the ( 
Mr. A. J. Thomas's 
ere this have called al 
transplanter, that paten 
Agra, Lindula, and m 
Ironworks Co. A specii 
with pan and bag of tins,; 
have used this transpla 
it. As far as simphci 
can scarcely be surpass* 
Anchor Brand Tea.- 
to her nephew of Kinty 
good of yon to send me 
judge of tea, and really th 
first what it would be 
rather large, but on di 
delicious. It has none of 
you so often find in the 
from one so well qualified 
cheering to the pilgrim 
shows what goodcriug ai: 
Sale op Pure Calisay 
instructions from Messrs. 
O. E. H. Symons sold 
Dei 
lould 
m of 
as of 
writes 
3, Maskeliya : — "It was very 
the tea, 1 consider myself a 
at is very good. I doubted at 
like, as the leaves seemed 
rinkins some found it quite 
Bunyan estate : it 
oncan accomplish. 
vna Seed. — Under 
pence & Co. Mr. 
today 45 boxes 
and one parcel, eacii containing 2 grams (£. e. 31 
grains) fresh Calisaya Ledgeriana cinchona seed just 
sold lor R2.43S, or 
imved from Batavia. The whole vi 
an average of R54'18 per 2 grams, 
figures the first boxes realised at t 
ounco ; the second at the rate ol 
small lot at the rate of 111,361 t 
R31.792 per pound! Perhapsab 
" Tin: Cinchona Planters' 
subjnot of high, but we consi 
praise from the Calcutta English 
on page 411. There can be n 
tin' 11, 11st complete and practically useful book avail- 
able to the cultivator of cinchona. Our Ceylon planters 
should understand that Mr. Owen has not written 
from his own knowledge and experience alone. He 
has had the advantage not only of aid from Dr. 
Ti iincti (as i acknowledged), but of consulting every 
Government Report (whether from India or Java), 
and all the modern hooks published on the subject. 
Ho carefully consulted the tiles of the Observer for the 
past lour or five yean), and he had, besides, the groat 
bdvantageof the written opinions on controverted points 
of planters iu nearly every district of Ceylon, India 
and Java, including Mr. Qamraie, Mr. Rowson and 
Mr. M iens himself — which were given in answer to 
a circular we issued .\ith a special li t of questions 
prepared with reference to the Manual. There is, 
therefore, good reason for saying that, at this mo- 
ment, then' is no more reliable) or moro practical 
work on the subject than " The Cinchona Planters' 
M IN UAL." 
102 
;cording to these 
•ate of R774 the 
19, and the third 
unce, or equal to 
1 rupee per seed. 
nual" is the 
not undeserved 
mbt that it is 
PERUVIAN BARK AND COCA. 
what I 
himself 
cultiva 
into P. 
jubdue it : every tree 
yielding seed, to you 
ar off down the ages 
ich tspoke through the 
with all the freshness 
a the utterly prosaic 
Markham has laboured 
' at his difficult task, 
him in his researches, 
ess an object than the introduction of the 
f Peruviaubark trees on an exten-ive scale 
India and Ceylon. The object he had 
most at heart, undoubtedly, was to supply in the very 
heart of fever districts "a cheap and efficacious febrifuge 
to the people of Iudia, - ' but bis scheme has suc- 
ceeded beyond, not his own hope probably, but cert- 
ainly beyond the Wildest expectations ol onlookers. 
The enterprise, begun twenty years ago, has for ob- 
servable resnlt lhat there »re now S47 acres under 
cinchona cultivation iu the Government plantations ou 
the Nilgiri Hills, besides 4,000 acres of private planta- 
tions on the Nilgiri, in Wainad, Coorg, and other hill 
districts of Southern India. In British Sikkim, the 
Goverumeut chiuchona plantations cover an area of 2,242 
acres. The annual bark crop from the Government 
plantations of British India alone is already 4'.l0,000 lb. 
Iu Ceylon, 5,578 acres were under chinchona cultiva. 
tion in 1877. Iu 1879-80, the quantity of bark sold 
in the London market from British India and Ceylon 
was 1,172,0001b. The labourers, who, with detper- 
ate toil and herculean energy, have given to the mil- 
lions of India the trees which are emphatically for 
the healing of the nations, have deserved more re- 
cognition than their services have as yet met with, 
— but of this more by-and by ; at present, we will 
follow Mr. Markham lor a moment in his earlier 
wauderiugs, while -collecting chiuchona plants and seeds 
in South America. His narrative, though st ft' as a 
Blue-biiok (the reader who opens it at random will 
assuredly believe it to be stuffed with dry statistics), 
is full of interesting matter. Before entering upon 
the narrative of his search, Mr. Markham pauses to 
give an account of the early use of the plants lie 
seeks, and the origin of the name now applied to 
them. He tells us the Indians, though probably 
aware of the fever-healing virtues of their Peruvian 
bark, were prejudiced against its use. There is some 
evidence that European travellers were headed by it 
as early as the year 1600, and it was in 1G3S, niere 
than seventy years after the co: quest of Peru, that 
the Countess of Chinchona, wife of the Spanish Vice- 
roy of Peru, "lay sick of an intermitt nt'fever in the 
palace of Limu." It was this same Count aud Countess 
of Chinchon, remarks Mr. Markham, who at an 
earlier date cntenained Prince Charles and the Duke 
of Buckingham at the alcazar of Segovia. Subse- 
quently, when appointed to the Government of Peru, 
th" great event of their viceroyalty was the cure ot 
the Countess of Chinchon of a Ktertinn fever by the 
use of Peruvian bark. The Countess returned to Spain 
(we are still quoting from Mr. Markham's account) 
in 1010, and brought with her a supply of the 
" quina " bark which bad worked her own cure, de- 
termined to use it for the sufferers from tertian ague 
ou her father's and husband's estates," in tho fertile 
but unhealthy rer/as of the Tagus, tho Tarama, and 
the Tajuna." The p >wder was long known as "the ('• no- 
toss's Powder " {Pulvis Comitesxat), and Linnteus in 
her honour called it by her title. The Jesuits appear 
* A popular Account of the Introduction of chinchona 
Cultivation into Hritish India. Bj Clements R. Mark- 
ham. C.B., F.B.8. Londou : John Murray. 1SS0. 
