December r, 1881.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
54i 
it is v 
ripenin 
Sow an 
protected 
no occasii 
it is imp< 
the Peas 
tolerably 
only to cease 
breaking down 
;sley (Petroseh 
WIllcl'lllL 
the tot 
but Id hasten 
llcrallv be found 
ipies. There is 
ly for Peas, but 
[ dug, and that 
ill pulverised and 
inland it is im- 
5 i'eet as in England, 
year for succession, 
reive horn's previous 
tbove ground a week 
gently removed, and 
When Peas are sown late 
the ground will require wat< 
to Bowing. If they do not 
after sowing, the earth shoi 
if the Peas are found in a dirty, wet condition, un- 
sprouted, another sowing should be made at once. 
Sometimes the outside shell of the Pea becomes so 
hard that it is necessary to soak the seed in water for 
sonic hours previous to sowing. When about G inches 
high it is desirable to stick the rows, after earthing up 
on eaoh side. It is of little use to sow later than 
December. 
Potato Seed (Solatium robust it m). 
The expense incurred in the transport is so great, 
and the chance of failure so considerable, that it cannot 
be worth while to order out a large quantity of Potato 
to obtain seed 
ts in England, 
by post, and a 
e of ground. 
). 
! selected. The 
• manured. Do 
hi I lie middle of 
in drills a foot 
tuld bo covered 
nould, and the 
ml.!-.-* I'nim Kngland, but it is ti 
which has been raised from goi 
Potato seed is cheap, will travel 
packet is sufficient to sow a larg 
Radish (Baphanus 
For Radishes, a shady spot she 
land should be light, and not 1 
no! think of sowing before Octolx 
j over it will be better to postpone 
the month. Sow cither broadens 
apart. In tho latter case the se 
with about a quarter of an incl 
plants thinned out to 3 or 1 ine 
Make Buccessional sowings every 
.stiii, the supply of water. If the 
an I bard it should lie loo,ciied w 
Sparrows are so fond of the seed and young plants 
that unless the protection of a net is given the crop 
1 will probably be lost. Sow in drills, as soon as the rains 
are over, in good rich soil in a shady place. The drills 
Bould be 1 foot apart, and the plants in the drills 4 
inches apart. 
(To be rout in tied.) 
CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN JAMAICA. 
The following appeared in the Kingston (Jamaica) 
"Olonnor" and "Triweekly (Meaner" of the :27th 
August 1881 :— 
We publish to day [see page .101 of the Tropical 
AgriciilturUq the terms upon which the Government 
of this Island, being desirous of encouraging the culti- 
vation of Cinchona, offers to make giants of public 
lands to persons who will embark in the enterprise. 
Tin situation of the land is not mentioned, but wo pre- 
sum. tho extensive unopened tracts of forest on the 
high, i- Bine Mountain slopes mo referred to. The <io 
Hmmont has ulreu.lv encouraged, under favourable con- 
130 
cessions, the cultivation of cinchona by private enter- 
prise thereabouts, and is now, we are glad to believe, 
seeking to establish the industry systematically. The 
laud we speak of lies at elevations of from 4,000 to 
0,500 feet ; is without roads, but of fine quality : is dis- 
tant from Kingston two score miles, but possesses a 
climate delightful alike to those who dread the cold of 
a northern winter and those who dread the heat of 
tropical high noon. 
To anyone who thinks seriously of investing his capital 
in cinchona cultivation in Jamaica, but fears to venture, 
wc would point out that he will not be alone in the 
undertaking. We could name at this moment several 
gentlemen, including His Excellency the Governor, who 
have devoted land and capital to it. In his last Report, 
Mr. D. Morris stated that large numbers of plants had 
been put out at Whitfield Hall, Radnor, and Clydesdale. 
To this list, the names of many well-known high plant- 
ations between St. Catherine's Peak on the west, and 
Blue Mountains on the east, might be added, while the 
cultivation of cinchona adapted to lower elevations is 
being prosecuted with vigour in Manchester. The de- 
mand for seeds and plants increases daily, and can 
hardly bo met. Tliis new industry brings into product- 
iveness regions which in many cases were unsuited for 
coffee or provisions, and which were a burden on the 
owner. We regard this departure as creditable not only 
to the Government, but to the planters who have been 
so often, so foolishly, and so freely accused of indiffer- 
ence to their own best interests and to opportunities of 
unfamiliar profit. 
Estimating the gain which may accrue from new en- 
terprises is always a delicate affair. In the present ease 
we will givo the statements of authorities on the sub- 
ject in preference to opinions of our own, merely point- 
ing out that many of our shrewd and experienced planters 
have satisfied themselves as to the profit derivable from 
cinchona, and have given evidence of the faith that is 
in them. In his valuable report, to which we have 
already referred, Mr. Morris describes how he found a 
patch of cinchona officinalis which had long been deserted 
on Whitfield Hall Estate, and which was found hardy 
and thriving. He says : — 
" As indicating the value of cinchona planting in the 
Blue Mountains — taking these 379 trees which occupied 
an area of less than 120 square yards — it was estimated 
that if they yielded on the average one pound of thy 
bark per tree (young trees at the Government Plant- 
ations yielded 1§ pounds per tree), each tree would be 
worth at least 5s. ; tliis would give £94 15s. as tho 
value of 379 trees on an area of 120 square yards, one- 
fortieth of an acre. Under ordinary conditions it would 
not, however, be advisable to plant the trees so closely 
as this, but the value of an acre of land planted with 
trees even at one-half the above rate would amount to 
more than £1,890. Large as this sum may seem, it ap- 
pears that with the precious Ledgeriana bark, grown by 
the Dutch in Java (a few plants of which have just 
been introduced to Jamaica), the yield per acre, as quoted 
by Mr. J. E. Howard, F.R.S., is estimated, from actual 
We will take in addition to the above, the statement 
made by Mr. Clements Markhaiu, in his interesting and 
impoi taut monograph on "Peruvian Bark." In his chap- 
ter on " Financial Results," ho says : — 
"The result of the sales of bark from the Govern- 
ment Cinchona Plantations on the Nilgiri Hills, in 
India, is that a sum of £178,046 bus been realized. 
The total cost of the whole enterprise from the com- 
mencement, including interest, was £129,628 in 18713. 
By the year 1H79, allowing for charges during int. : 
veiling years, the sum to be debited against the enter- 
prise "as onl\ £•;*•.» 12. In 1**0 the whole capital ac- 
count hud been paid oil with interest, and the plantations 
began to yield B clear annual profit. It is therefore true 
of the Cinchona enterprise that us n mere commercial 
