698 
THE TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST. ' [February i, 1882. 
Condaminea " and "broad-leaved Condaminea," as well 
as " Uritusinga ") ; the specinieiis, however, that I have 
forwarded with my report should settle this question. It 
is very like " Officinalis," only with much larger leaves 
and of stronger and quicker growth, promising to be' a 
large tree. There are only about 1,000 of it scattered 
in the Dodabetta plantation and about one dozen only 
at Naduvatam, so that there is some mistake in the sup- 
position that Mr. Mclvor planted 70 acres with it in 1875. 
There are many applications for the seed of this from 
various parts of the world, probably owing to reports of 
Mr. Mclvor or Mr. Money ; and, considering its healthy, 
strong growth and close affinity with •" Officinalis," I 
should not be surprised if it tarns out our most valu- 
able species. I learn from Narrainsawmy that, small 
samples of the bark were sent to England for analysis, 
and that these are the Nos. 18, 19 and 20 under " Con- 
daminea" from Dodabetta given in the table of analysis 
in G. O., No. 1,336, dated 23rd June 1879 ; it is a 
species or variety, however, that we must learn more about. 
6. The analysis of No. 15 " Pitayo " is a valuable 
addition to the chemical knowledge of our species — we 
have 44 good-sized trees of this species near the Doda- 
betta Jail, but it has not been further propagated. This 
analysis differs considerably from that given in G. O., 
No. 1,336, of 23rd June 1879, when it was much younger 
— this giving 3'98 per cent of quinine, Mr. Paul's speci- 
men only 1-50. Mr. Howard urges its propagation, partly 
because of its yield in quinidine which in his specimen 
is 2-01 per cent (though in Mr. Paul's only 0-82). I 
observe the yield in quinidine is as high as 2-20 in some 
of Mr. Cross's samples of " Crown bark " now analysed 
by Mr. Howard, and in root bark of the same species 
it is as high as 3 - 45. The extended propagation, how- 
ever, of "Pitayo" seems desirable, if only the yield of 
quinine is considered. 
7. No. 18 is one of the two species or varieties con- 
founded under the name of " Mclvor's hybrid " or "Pu- 
bescens;" it is the so-called " Magnif olia " of my re- 
port (not "Pubescens") and the " Pata de GaUinazo " 
of Mr. Cross. Mr. Howard now says it is the " Chin- 
chona coccinea " of Pavon ; but he has only seen bark, 
no specimens of leaves or flowers having been forwarded. 
I regret such a small sample only of this was forwarded, 
as it is not a fair criterion ; it is very similar, as far 
as the natural bark and the yield in quinine, to the 
analysis given by Mr. Paul in G. O., No. 1,336, of 23rd 
June 1879, under the head "Hybrid Pubescens," Nadu- 
vatam and Dodabetta, which samples were from the same 
variety (tbe glabrous " Magnifolia " not from "Pubes- 
cens," as Mr. Cross examined the trees from which Mr. 
Eowson stripped it at Naduvatam, and I examined them 
on Dodabetta. Tbe yield in Chinchonine, however, in 
the s] iinens analysed by Mr. Paul differs enormously 
from specimens sent by Mr. Cross, but a similar 
difference is observable between many of the Crown 
bark samples now analysed by Mr. Howard. As already 
reported two bales of the natural bark of this species 
went to England from Dodabetta last December, and 
sold at 7*'. Id. per lb. under the name of " hybrid 
Pubescens." Mr. Howard and Mr. Cross both advocate 
tbe propagation of " Succirubra " being given up in favor 
of tins species. I quite agree with this, considering the 
healthy and splendid growth of this species which I 
have mitten about very fully in my late report. 
8. I much regret that samples of the "Pubescens" 
baik were not forwarded. 
9. Mr. Cross states that in the samples forwarded to 
Mr. Howard, Nos. 21 and 24 have evidently been changed. 
10. If the samples 19 and 20 be compared with 22 
and 23, it will bo seen what a Very poor yield in quinine 
the original bark of " Succirubra " gives compared with 
the renewed bark ; this alone quite taboos the coppic- 
ing system of harvesting for this species at least. Nearly 
all the Red barb trees at Naduwatam are now yielding 
renewed bark, and the yield of these samples (viz., 3-08 
and 2'04 per cent of quinine) is very high for Red bark ; 
but here, again, we have to be cautious as they are only 
small samples taken perhaps from exceptionally hue trees 
grown under favourable conditions ; in any case the yield 
is inferior to that of the " Magnifolia." 
11. Of the " Crown barks " only five samples of re- 
newed bark were sent against sixteen of original bark ; 
but the result is sufficient, I think, to show the great 
superiority of the former, and that coppicing is a i;. in- 
take to be avoided, when I have shown in my report 
that after some careful inspection the trees have not 
as yet suffered in the slightest degree from the strip- 
ping process. 
12. Of No. 25 " Calisaya", I must write farther later 
on. We have at Naduvatam of yellow barks " Calisaya," 
" Calisaya Ledgeriana," " Calisaya var. Angliea" and 
" Calisaya var. Javanica." Mr. Cross informs me that 
he looked upon all as the same, and that be does not 
know which No. 25 was taken from ; but he thinks 
Mr. Eowson knows the exact tree, so I- may be able to 
identify it, if from one - of the few trees now alive of 
" Ledgeriana." I have no remarks to make, but the 
only shrubby variety at Naduvatam is the " Javanica." 
13. At the present stage of our plantations when 
most of the species and varieties are of a good age 
and well developed and easily recognized, I consider that 
the employment of a competent chemical analyzer up 
at Ootacamund, if only for a few months, would result 
in the greatest possible benefits in the future both as 
regards the Government plantations and the wide field 
of private planting. In Mr.- Broughton's days many of 
the species were young and not developed sufficiently in 
their characteristics, and there is most evident proof 
that the question of species and varieties was in a great 
jumble. 
14. I attach the greatest importance to the careful 
collection of seeds from the healthiest and largest trees 
of " Officinalis" as well as from our other finer species 
or varieties, and I have already given very full direc- 
tions on this point to the officers in charge. 
15. I do not understand Mr. Howard's remark that 
the quantity of bark sent to England from Dodabetta 
seems disproportionate and exhaustive, or on what data 
he surmises this to be the case. We are not up-rooting 
or even coppicing; the " superior quality" of this Crown 
bark, which he alludes to himself, is proof I think 
that it is not harvested prematurely, and as long as 
this is guarded against the sooner the first stripping of 
the natural bark takes place the better, as the renewed 
bark is far more valuable in the market ; the sub- 
sequent shippings can always be taken off every two 
years, and to delay removing it after maturity is of 
course a dead loss. On account of sufficient room for 
drying and storing our estimates this year at Nadu- 
vatam have calculated for a shorter crop than we ought 
to gather. I have, however, quite lately received Mr. 
Morris's interesting report for last year on the Jamaica 
gardens and plantations, which contains much valuable 
information on Chinchona, and he has proved that sun- 
dried Chinchona bark is more valuable than that dried 
by artificial heat. I hope, therefore, if we have any 
continuation of sunny weather this September or Octo- 
ber, to try this system of drying, although it has 
hitherto been supposed here (I do not know from what 
experience) that bark dried in the sun loses in virtue. 
Enclostjee. 
From Robert Cross, Esq., to Colonel R. H. Beddome, 
Conservator of Forests, dated 10th August 1881. 
I beg to acknowledge receipt of your communication' 
with date of 9th of this month, enclosing a report from 
the Secretary of State for India of the analysis of 30 
samples of bark by Mr. David Howard collected- by me 
at the Government Plantations of Dodabetta and Nadu- 
vatam. 
j '1st. — Mr. Howard's remark than an undue proportion 
