February t, 1882.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
723 
TRIAL SALE OF NILOIRI CINCHONA 
BARK. 
(Madras Mail.) 
Under instructions from the Deputy Conservator of 
Forests in charge of the Government Cinchona Plant- 
ations, and in conformity with the direction of the 
Secretary of State to the Madras Government to test 
the Indian market, Messrs. Oakes & Co. yesterday sold 
10,1)00 lb. of cinchona crown and rod harks in 'lots of 
about 100 lb. each. This is the first sale of the kind 
in India. The following prices were obtained per bale: — 
Dodabett a Upsot price, Sold at 
fi bales natural crown bark...Ii 
2 do trunk ... do ... 
0 do mossed ... do ... 
2 do trunk mossid do ... 
212 
R.243 
212 
221 
318 
340 to 315 
270 
354 to 358 
31G t ) 321 
;m .1, 
ni ik 
147 
lfil 
5 co natural do ... 100 111 to 120 
8 do brancn do ... 72 73 * . 
Pykarra. 
20 dr. branch do ... 8o 81 to 83 
[ I'he highest price, 35S rupees per bale is equal 
to R358 cents per lb. for renewed crown ; the lowest 
realized is 60 cents for branch ; red bark realized as high 
as R 1A per lb.— Ed. C. O.] 
rillO THREE CHEAT ( '( >KFEE COUNTRIES 
IN THE WORLD: BRAZIL, JAVA, AND 
CEYLON. 
We reprint elsewhere an article which has appeared it 
the Statist and which has a painful interest for reader: 
in Ceylon. Up to 1869, the year in which the fungu: 
d the cultivated coffee of 
nd, the 
util in 
peat first invaded the on I 
progress or our planting 
that very year (calendar) the export of coftee ex- 
celled 53, 000 tons, and the reasonable anticipation 
seemed to be that Ceylon would speedily overtake 
if she did not overpass Java as a coffee exporter. 
But the ligurcs quoted shew that the course of both 
the Eastern countries has been downwards, leaf-disease 
telling on Ceylon after a fashion from which Java 
may possibly be saved to a larger extent by its 
magnificent soil. The effects of the fungus were 
obvious in Ceylon coffee oxports in tho first year of 
the decade ending 18S0 81, and, although, in 1872-73 
the highest previous figure was approached, and at- 
tempts made to reach it in 1874-75 and 1876-77, de- 
cline his he. 'ii the rule even in tin' face of the greater 
breadth cultivated, until 1SS0S1 gave considerably 
less than half the figures of nine years previously, 
- 23,000 tons against 49,750. The average for the 
first five years of tho decade was 40,700 tons : for 
the second five years it went down 35,150 tons, a 
reduction of over 5,000 tons or more than 13i per 
cent. That is the history of tho coffee enterprise in 
Ceylon, during the period in which htmileia vastatrix 
has compelled attention to its "life history." 
Let us hope that we arc now about to cntor on a doc- 
ado, the record of which shall be very different in regard 
to ooffee and its most insidious and formidable foe. 
AmongBt the causes whioh have affected the export 
of codec from .lava in the same period, tin- undoubted 
existence of the leaf fungus lias not, <n yet, told 
materially, although in some pkwes its inthienee has 
Certainly been felt appreciably. Prom other cause?, 
as much political, perhaps, as meteorological, the Java 
Cofl'oo crops have fluctuated, and the exports have, 
liko our own, decreased, though not m the same de- 
jjrec Tho decade begau with an export of 08,000 . 
tons and ended with 59,000, the figures in the in- 
terval rising so high as 1)6,000 tons and going down 
so low as 42,300 last year. Aa in our own case, 
tho lowest figure was considerably less than half the 
highest. The averages have been 67,800 tons for the 
first five years of tho decade, and 63,620 for the 
second quinquennium. Tho decrease has been 4,180 
tons, or about 6 per cent, a trifling falling-off when com- 
pared wilh ours. 
While thus the second and third coffee countries 
in tho world have been losing ground, the pro- 
gress of what is beyond compare the first coffee 
country in the world has, especially in the latter half 
of tho decade, been not only steady but beyond pre- 
cedent rapid. To a practically unlimited area of suit- 
able land was added, in tho case of Brazil, a large 
supply of slave labour, which she could and did con- 
centrate on coffee, when the culture of that product 
became profitable far beyond sugar, tobacco, or 
any other of the old staples. The factor of rapidly 
added railway facilities, too, in Brazil, must be taken 
into account. Under their influence, largely. Santos 
the second great coffee port of the South American 
Empire, has raised her export of coffee (much of which 
competes wilh Ceylon plantation in quality), from 
29,700 tons in the first year of the decade to 70, 160 
in the last. Santos began with figures far lower than 
those of Java and Ceylon ; she ends considerably ahead 
of both. The averages in this case have improved 
from 35,670 tons in the first five years to 59,775 in 
the second. The increase has been 24,105 torn;, or 70 
per cent. The increase in the case of Rio has been 
simply enormous : from 123,300 tons to 254,400, or 
considerably more than a doubled c.\-port now com- 
pared with ten years ago ! But 1880-81 was excep- 
tional, so let us look at tho averages, rising from 
151,351 tons to 189,390. The increase has been 37,839, 
or 25 per cent. The joint averages for Rio and Santos, 
which practically represent Brazil, were 187,221 tons, 
rising to 249, 1 65. The increase has therefore been 61 ,944 
tons, or nearly 33 per cent. 
The contrast is far more striking when we take 
the figures for the opening and concludiug years of 
the decade. In 1871-72 Brazil exported :— 
From Rio 123,300 tons. 
„ Santos 29,700 „ 
Total ... 
In 1SS0 S1 the exports were 
From Rio 
,, Santos 
153,000 
254,400 tons. 
70,160 
Total 324,560 ,, 
The increase has thus been 171,560 tons, orabout 1 12 per 
cent. While in the past five years tho production of 
Ceylon and Java fell off by 9,180 tons average as 
compared with tho preceding live years, Brazil not 
only made good this deficit ncy but threw 52,764 tons in 
excess of it into the consuming niaikets. In truth, 
Brazil has in tho past three years swamped the 
o >ffeo markets of tho world, and, if she could possibly 
go on at tho samo rate for three yean more, other 
producing countries would have to retire from a com- 
petition which to them would mean inevitable ruin. 
But the main cause — tho concentration of slave luhour 
almost entirely on coffee, which has led t I luoh 
eUOrmOUSly increased production in Braid is obvi- 
ously no "more permanent thou, we bono and believe, 
will be the doi>r<*»iiig effects of tho hat fun. us in 
Ceylon. That led to decreased production modified 
by high prices. Tho high prices brought Hrn/.il with 
her tm thousands of fat acres and her hundreds of 
thousands ol slaves into action, anil now not only 
is production low in Ceylon but prices also: the 
