March r, 1882.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
757 
Government, which we shall, doubtless receive in 
Ceylon in clue course, I need only give here the main 
results of the enquiry, which, it will be seen, are 
wholly corroborative of what I bave previously written. 
They are those :— 
1. The Nilgiri "magnifolia" and " pubescens " are 
substantially the same thing. (This is equally the 
case in Ceylon, where however the former is much more 
common than the latter.) 
2. There is no real foundation for Mr. Cross's 
identification of the plant with the " Pata de Gallinazo " 
of Chimborazo. 
3. The old view is in all probability correct, and 
the plant a hybrid of local origin between C. succi- 
rithra and C. officinalis. 
The second of these conclusions is the result of a 
careful re-investigation of Dr. Spruce's specimens pre- 
served at Kew of the " Cuchicara" and "Pata de 
Gallinazo" cinchonas. It is not necessary here to go 
into the diilicult question to what species these 
kinds ought to be referred. For the present purpose, 
it is sufficient to record that the botanical differences 
they possess are held by the most competent author- 
ities to show them to be distinct from the Nilgiri 
and Ceylon plant, and to disprove Mr. Cross's hasty 
identification. 
In thus taking farewell of "Pata de Gallinazo," I 
wish to express my conviction of the value of Col. 
Beddome's observations on the hybrid trees to which 
he applied that appellation. I am sensible that we 
in Ceylon are much indebted to him for thus calling 
fresh "attention to this valuable sort of cinchona and 
encouraging its cultivation. The point of greatest 
importance, and which now urgently needs solution 
by careful experiment, is the degree of permanence or 
amount of reversion to the parental types met with 
in the progeny from seed. — I urn, sir, yours faithfully, 
HENRY TPJMEN. 
AMERICAN COTTON CROP OF 1880-81. 
According to the returns of the Commercial and 
Financial Chronicle of New York, the cotton crop of 
the United States for the year ending August 31st, 
amounts to the unprecedented quantity of C.,r,s;i,:i2;i i,.,les. 
This shows an increase of 831,932 bales over the large 
crop of last year. The production at the close of the 
war, when the new regime of free labor had just been 
inaugurated, was 0.7.1, 27 I hales for the crop year 1 sf,ii i;7. 
Since that time the increase has been rapid and steady 
up to the presont time. For this period of free labor 
the product has been increased more than three-fold, 
the actual increase over the output of lstili-l!" being 
4,530,058 bales. 
This result of free labor in the femu r slave holding 
states of the United States is ono which should not 
be overlooked by Brazilian planters. It is a result which 
hns been acquired without the employment of Chinese 
labor and without any special favor from Government. 
It is the resnlt of a better system of labour, and a bet- 
ter system of cultivation; the result of employing the 
ex-slaves at fair wages and encouraging production on 
a small scale. 
The recent check to the abolition movement will avail 
nothing, for the question must and will he settled very 
speedily. The planters may anticipate this by inaugur- 
ating the new system voluntarily, and with their own 
slaves. - llin .Vies. 
" WHAT CAN U K DO \\ 1111 oi l; YOCNGKi: 
SONS." 
[We have rceoivod the following interesting letter 
from a source for thepei h . t t ru-t »m t Imir.-i <.f w hich 
wo can answer, and think the warning contained in 
it of so much importance, that we gladly give it to 
our renders. — Ei>. Spectator,] 
[To the Editok of the " Spectator."] 
My Dear , — You have often asked me the above 
hard question, and how to answer it is, I confess, 
becoming daily more and more a problem, but, despite 
the many failures I see round me, I still think there 
are openings here for your younger olive-branches. 
The great reason, I think, why so many have come 
to no good here is from the way in which fathers 
often ship off their sons like so many head of cattle, 
telling thein that there is pasture enough somewhere 
in the land, and they must only wander about till 
they find it. I fear that while wandering they are 
very likely to fall into some of those pits that I have 
seen engulf many a hopeful young life. Unless your 
boy is one of those creatures with a natural dislike 
to civilisation, never happy in society of any kind, but 
intensely fond of " messing " about with animals and 
natural objects of all kinds, in short, the " Marti.) " 
of "Tom Brown at Rugby," don't send him out here 
at all, or at any rate, only to some wise guardian. 
A "Martin" would be in his element here; the rough 
life would not disgust him, and his knowledge of 
animals, &., would stand him in good stead for finding 
work ; but a boy with no such knowledge, and with 
only the experience of life that school or business has 
given him, will almost certainly be compelled to try 
one trade after another, falling lower at each step, till 
at the end of some years he goes home again in despair, 
and you find your boy something between a " happy 
Hampton welsher " and a music-hall waiter. 
Perhaps this seems to you incredible, but you can- 
not conceive how frightfully easy it is for young fel- 
lows to drift downwards in this country. We have 
no Mrs. Grundy, and, though that old lady may some- 
times be a nuisance and an absurdity, she is also a 
safeguard, at any rate to the }'Oung. You send your 
boy out here to find "something," and he finds, as 
I did, University men working in mines up to their 
waists in water, waiting in restaurants, acting in 
third-rate theatrical parts, doing, in short, everything 
and anything that would put bread into their mouths. 
You will say that no honest labour is disreputable. 
That is so, but how about the companions that share 
this labour with one ? You have little or no idea of 
tho kind of men with whom one must be " hail- 
fellow-well-met," in the employments I have named 
above. I have now in my mind's eye two young fel- 
low s who came out with me to this country some 
years ago. I have been the "lucky" one, and cert- 
ainly have nothing to complain of in my lot, but one 
of them succumbed to over-work and over-strain, and 
he is now lying in the peaceful burying-ground of 
Kansas City. The other is still struggling to put bread 
into his mouth, working now at one thing, now at 
another, losing all traces of education nnd refinement, 
and associating daily with men whom you would 
shudder to think of in contact with your son. Of 
course, a man deteriorates in such a life ; how can 
he help it.? 
All this may seem a contradiction (to the early 
part of this letter; but all tho same, there are many 
advantages in this country for penniless younger sons, 
only you English fathers must not send an ordinary 
boy out hero with your blessing nnd i'100, to sink 
or swim for himself. Hi will certainly and titrtty 
come to grief. Let him have some one's house to 
come to at the' Brat start; or still better, come with 
him yourself ; tho voyngo is nothing now, nnd jou 
would make acquaintance with a magnificent country ; 
try and find n home for him in some respectable 
family, and, if possible, wait with bun till be bis 
found some work. Then, do not lo.'e your " grip" 
on him : send him home letters nnd papers constantly, 
make him feel ho hns you to fall back upon in any 
scrnpo or ditliculty ; and then, I venture to prepiet. 
your boy will succeed, and in a few years you will 
