March i, 1882.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
779 
yet show one leaf true to the •type: The Coralis In/.a. 
form is much richer in quinine, and has consequently 
(at my recommendation) been transplanted by Mr. 
Cross to India, where I hope it m iy prosper, and 
perhaps be found useful. 
Saving premised these observations, I now come to 
the question ot " lied Bark," of which the true species 
is, as deliued by Favon, the Cinchona s»ccimbra, so 
named by this botanist from the peculiarities of the 
juice, which he defines as follows : — 
"In arboreum corticumque amputatione succum 
lacteum primum profluit; postea in colorem intense 
rubieundura brausmutatur, undo cascarilla Colorado. 
uomen oritur. " 
That is to say, it is named "lied Bark" (in Spanish 
as above), from this peculiarity in the juice. True 
Red Bark is, as 1 have shown in my ' Illustrations 
of the Nueva Quinologia,' the product of Cinchona 
succirubra of Pa von. But C. succirubra, like other 
species, exists under somewhat different forms, as 
will be seen by examination of the specimens I send 
to illustrate the subject. 
One source of variations is connected with the macho 
ami hembra forms of the same plant; that is to say 
the preponderance »f the male and female elements in 
the flower, attended, as well shown by Dr. Weddell, 
with corresponding changes in the rest of the plant. 
The colour of the flower?, for instance, varies in its 
intensity. Another contrast between different forms 
is found in the perfectly glabrous or subpubescent 
under surface of the leaf. This, as defined by Pavon, 
and as found generally in India, is perfectly smooth. 
As defined by Klotsch, it is foliis subtus pebcrulis, 
judging (as he did) from a specimen of Pavon's in 
the Berlin Museum. 
These differences, apparently trivial, are neverthe- 
less important to the cultivator ; the pernicious effects 
of the rapid oxidation of the cinchotannic acid I 
have explained in the ' Nueva Quinologia,' so that 
we may fairly eay, the more truly Colorado or red* the 
bark, the less probability there is of good results in 
the alkaloids. I send for the Museum small specimens— 
(A) of Pavon's own collection; of the genuine Red 
Bark (B) in commerce ; and of the more resinous sort 
(C), which 1 have described in the above work, as they 
used to be imported from South America; fetching 
a high price, but useless to the quinine manufacturer, 
containing in each case about 2 per cent of alkaloids, 
the most predominant, cinchonine and cinchonidine. 
The truest Bed Bark in India will come to this by 
'age. The stato of degeneration which I havo described 
(at p. 14, mib voce ('. succirubra) was believed, by 
Mr. Broughton, to have set in during the continuance 
bf his observations, and I havo recently had the 
opportunity ■ I examining specimeus, carefully selected 
by Mr. Cross Irom the Government Gardens at 
Ootaeumuml, which present the much more mature 
bark as exhibiting the true characteristics of genuine 
Red Hark, both in physic il characteristics and in the 
ua ure of the alkaloids it contains. 
I have forwarded specimens of these (D), No. 19 
and No. 20, as scut by iMr. H. Cro»s, with the fol- 
lowing information : — 
Analyst* of No. 19. 
Quinine t)l per cent=sulphnte of quinine I '21 per cent. 
Cinohonidiuc 1*43 per cent. 
Cinchonine .'! 8 I per cent. 
Amorphous alkaloid i i I per cout. 
Analysis of No. 20. 
Quinine Sli per cc tit -iilphato of quinine I • I. *> per cent. 
I inehonidine 2 Oi per cent. 
Cinchonine 3'IHJ por cent. 
Amorphous alkaloid I 00 per c ml . 
On thoHo barks 1 have remaiked thus in % recent 
* The redder (he. worse- Bl>, 
report to the Marquis of Ifartington : — 
"Both these are most characteristic specimens of 
Red Bark, and the produce well illustrates the mistake, 
which I have constantly pointed out, of the excee-ivo 
cultivation of this species. The bark of snch trees 
can only be made serviceable by 'renewing 'j other- 
wise the oxidizing psocess goes forward to tie- ultim- 
ate destruction in old trees of almost all (he alkaloids." 
In the same report I have particularly contorted 
with the above, Mr. Cross's No. 18 (E) as follows :— 
" Under No. 18 I find valuable inform tion. This 
is called ' Red Bark,' but is indeed, not Red Bark at 
all, but, as described by the Spanish botanists, 'cinna- 
mon-coloured bark ' (acanelada). According to these 
authorities, when the trunk is wounded a ch ar juice 
flows out, which changes to a golden colour." (See 
my 'Nueva Quinologia' under head of C. coacinea, 
vulyo cascarilla, serrana scanelada y Pata de Qallinam.) 
Truncis incisis, succum crystalUmtia exudanl, posit aque 
in aureum coloran convertitur. 
" Under similar circumstances the C. succirubra yields 
a milky juice which changes to an intensely red 
colour... Tt is rightly named by Cross, Patade GaUAnazoi" 
I published information on both these I arks in 
1862, and my work was sent out by the Government 
to, I suppose, all the stations, but apparently we 
have these two species still united under the designa- 
tion of O f succirubra. I know not to what extent 
the species prevails in India, but it is satisfactory to 
believe that it is a much better sort for cultivation 
than that with which it is confounded, as is shown by 
the following analysis of (E)*:— 
Quinine 2-27=^quiuine sulphate 3'03 per cent. 
Cinchonidine 3 21 per cent. 
Cinchonine 3" 17 per cent. 
Amorphous alkaloid '93 per cent. 
But we have not only two but three species con- 
founded under the heading of C. succirubra, as I have 
convinced myself by comparing together the specimens 
which I send, together with information from Mr. 
R. Spruce, the collector of the seed for India, a'.-o 
from the late Mr. Molvor, and from examination of 
specimens of bark from India and also quite recently 
This is the cuchkara or " pig'e skin sort'' of Red 
Bark, little valued in commerce of old, the appear- 
ance being against it, but apparently of greater value 
than the true Red Bark as regards contents ini lkil- 
oid. See specimen (F) and analysis. 
Analysis of Bark from St. Thomas. 
Quinine Chinchoui- Ciuchon- 
Sulpli. Quinine. iline. inc. Amorpti. 
Percent. Per Cent. Percent. Percent. 1'er cent. 
Large quills ...2-SG 214 3/26 2-49 '89 
Medium quills.. 2-31 1 73 3H> 2-23 "91 
Small quills ...183 1 37 2 00 P34 100 
I will give in an appendix the remarks written by 
Mr. Spruce himself on inspection of the C. erythrantha 
of Pavon (as represented in my illustration - of iho 
'Nueva Quinologia'), which ho says i< probably true 
cuchicara. 
According to Spruce the C. conglomerala and C 
umbclhtliffrrt of the 1 Nueva Quinologia' are ; robably 
allio 1 s] ee'es. 
The propagation of so many millions of trees of 
what is called C. sua- i rubra in India, a. inst all 
cautions and in neglect of all the information I have 
been 'iblu to reproduce from the ciircfti' Spanish 
botanists, impresses on my mind very strongly the 
inquiry eft j two as to any information I am giving 
now and might bo able to render hereafter. t 
* So that wo ought to cultivate that with . 
coloured Imrk and not the deep red.— Ed. 
tMr. Howard, as quinino maker, objected to 
tvbtu ullo-ctucr.— El>. 
