March i, 1882.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
811 
ation in Ceylon, in reading of cinchona tree growing 
side by side with the coffee shrubs, and in being 
reminded how apt the former are to "sporting," 
or hybridzation, a curious physiological suggestion 
raises itself in our minds. Remembering what we 
woro taught in oui\youth, that the coffee and the cin- 
chona both belong to the very natural and well- 
defined family of the rubiaceas, wo are tempted to 
enquire what might be the effects of the pollen of the 
cinchona on the stigmates of the coffee flower ; and 
vice versa, what influence the pollen of the coffee 
might exert if transported into a flower of any of 
the cinchona. Shall wo some day find quinine or 
cinchonine in our Ceylon coffee berries, or caffeine 
among tho "total alkaloids" of the Ceylon cin- 
chona barks? Good black coffeo is the nearest ap- 
proach to sulphate of quinine in intermittents, as 
was well proved at Ghent in 1829, when tho latter 
fell short during a violent epidemic ; and at, the 
present time it is not unusual, in malarial districts, 
for the physician to administer a pinch of sulphate 
of quinine in a table-spoonful of strong coffee decoc- 
tion. Again, the " sporting " tendency of the cin- 
chona trees has been so keenly observed in Ceylon 
that somo of our most eminent botanists arc " at 
loggerheads " with regard to the existence of 
several species, and only those observers who 
arc actually on the spot, and eye-witness of the 
phenomena, can possibly realize the gradual transform- 
ation of the hybrid varieties, their divergence from 
tho original spocies, and their return to it under 
certain given circumstances. Whether coffee and cin- 
chona can be crossed at all, and to what extent, is 
a problem for tho future, but it is natural to con- 
clude that a soil and climate so eminently suited 
to the one must prove equally suitable to the other. 
This appears to be beyond all doubt, since the Cey- 
lon experiemcnts were first started by Keir, Dundas & 
Co., in the year IS6S. 
But even under these advantageous circumstauces, 
no success can bo looked for by the plantsr who is 
ignorant of the botany, physiology, and agricultural 
chemistry of tho cinchonas ; and to guard against 
such an undesirable state of thigs, Mr. Owen has 
written : " The Cinchona Planter's Manual," which 
is at onco an exhaustive and popular treatise upon 
tho subject, and a "work which we can confidently 
recommend to all who arc interested in this important 
enterprize. 
Analyses of tho barks taken from different kinds of 
trees, grown in different circumstances, and analyses 
of the soils arc numerous throughout the work, and 
prove of tho greatest value in enabling us to form 
an opinion upon the cinchona cultivation in its pre- 
sent state anil future prospects. Wo are particularly 
interested in tho experimental trials of manure which 
have been carried out during the list few years. 
Here we sec very clearly that sulphate of ammonia 
and guano both increase, to a slight extent, tho yield 
of total alkaloids, but that a much greater increase 
is obtained by the use of farmyard manure. Tho 
difference is eo considerable that it proves conclus- 
ively our utter ignoranco as to tho manner in which 
manures net upon crops in general, and how much 
ws have yet to learn upon this important subject ; 
nor do tho analyses of soils help us much in tho elucid- 
ation of this difficult problem. 
Wo have said onough, however, to show that. Mr. 
Owen's volume is well worth perusal, and if it 
should bo read as much as it deserves to bo, a new 
edition will soon bo called for. Ho has condensed 
a mass of highly useful information into a very small 
compass, and no cinchona planter, either in [udia or 
South America, c\u fail to derive some benefit from 
'the author's meritorious efforts, — Mcstm. Burgoyne, 
J>tt> bidga «)'■ Co.'s Monthly Report, 
DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES \S INDIA. 
Thoso who favour the scheme for establishing 
land banks in India will be gratified to see the 
marvellous development of similar institutions in 
Germany, as shown in the latest official re- 
turns. Herr Schulze-Delitzsch reports that, at the 
end of last year, there were 3,250 co-operative 
associations of all kinds at work, and of these 006 
were "people's banks." 1,144 associations, includ- 
ing these 90f> people's banks, have published their 
balance-sheets; from which it appears that they 
have over one million members, and that the business 
done by them during the year exceeded 100 millions 
sterling. The report is also important, with reference 
to this country, as showing the impetus given by 
co-operative Societies to those domestic industries which 
experience shows aro indispensable to the maintenance 
of a thriving peasant proprietary. In Germany, and 
also in Belgium, where the small proprietor is most 
prosperous, he does not look solely to agriculture for a 
livelihood ; but he has auxiliary means generally in 
the shape of some industrial pursuit, such as weaving, 
mining, fishing, straw-plaiting, clock-making, wood- 
carving, glass-blowing, pottery, &e. And in this way 
he and his family fill up their leisure time, especi- 
ally in winter, when field work is slack; and 
make a comfortable addition to their agricultural 
earnings. In Japan exactly the same thing may be 
observed, each agricultural village having some heredit- 
ary industry in which by long practice they have 
acquired exceptional skill : thus in one village all the 
people aro occupied in making fans, in another 
umbrellas, in a third wooden clogs, pottery, or lacquer 
work ; and so on. Now in Germany these industries 
ara supported by no less than 1,355 co-operative societ- 
ies, having for their object to purchase in common 
raw materials and instruments of trade ; to facilitate 
manufacturing operations ; and to provide for the sale 
of the articles produced. And thus Prussia, which fifty 
years ago depended almost entirely on agriculture, has 
now developed important industries, and exports from 
her rural districts metals, cottons, woollens, silks, 
chemicals, glass, pottery, wood-carving, tobacco, sugar, 
&c. Unfortunately in Iudia this happy process has 
been reversed; and the raiyat is gradually losing 
such auxiliary means of support as he formerly pos- 
sessed. In his Indian tour Mr. Caird noticed how 
in every village men were "standing idle in the 
market-place," not because they were unwilling to 
work, but because there was nothing for them to do 
when their field work was completed. Forc : gn com- 
petition and other causes have killed off the ancient 
so that the whole burden of the population is thrown 
back upon the land ; and this burden the laud is alto- 
gather unable to support. It appears therefore that 
side by side with agricultural banks, vigorou* efforts 
should be made to establish industrial associations, 
having for their object to revive ancient domestic 
industries, and to introduce iuto each district such 
now industrial pursuits as are best suited to the locality 
and tho character of the people. Any local i fforts in 
this direction will no doubt receive tho siq |">rt and 
approval of the Government. And the present time 
seems a favourable one for action, looking to tbi revived 
taste in Europe for all articles of Indian manufacture. 
— I have &c. W. WSDSSRBQKH. 
Ahmednagar, Jan. 30th. 
— Times of India. 
COFFEE IN LONDON. 
It is extremely dlfflou] t f or nuy one uugaged in tho loftYo 
trade to keep up his spirits just now. It would t.i\ the 
powers of u Mnrk Tiipky to l>e jully un.li r su. h oinutn- 
stouci's. Finn%who uro beeaip (be habit oJ Kiting tiy- 
