June i, 1882.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
and families saved from the destitution which would fol- 
low the loss of their breadwinners. We feel that there 
is no irreverence iu saying, with reference to the im- 
portant and cheering information contained in this 
issue about the increased use of quinine iu the world: 
"Let us thank God and take courage." It seems 
certain now that it is almost impossible to place limits 
to the quantity of cinchona bark which the world can 
use. With all drawbacks counted, Ceylon is one of 
the countries best able to provide supplies, and the 
figures we publish shew that planters may dismiss all 
fears of overdoing the pursuit. 
die. 
Mr. Hamilton, who h 
placed at our disposal by Mr! Dobree, is a well-known 
Dikoya planter of great intelligence and enterprizo. 
When on a journey through D koya recently, wo 
gre>Uy regretted that we could not turn aside and 
see the process of preparing bark on his estate. We 
were told that for largeness and uniformity of size, 
and evenness and goodness of quality, such cousigu- 
ments of bark had never reached thv London market. 
We hope to hear that the prices realized were in 
proportion lo the trouble taken and other care 
bestowed. 
INDIAN EXPORTS. 
Wo are indebted to the Government of India for the 
Trade and Navigation reports made up in detail for the 
11 months of 1831-82, ending 28th February. Our 
readers will be interested in learning that caoutchouc 
(Indiarubber) to the value of R976.000 was exported. 
The exports of coffee wero only 238,000 cwt. valued at 
R10,002,000, against 311,000 cwt. valued at R13,5G7,000 
for the oorrespon hug period of the previous year. The 
exports of coir were 194,000 cwt. valued at Rl,612,000, 
against only 98,000 cwt. valued at R815.000. What could 
have been the reason for a doubled export of coir? 
Cotton also shews an increase, the figures being 4,101,000 
cwt. valued at R122,207,000, against 3,972,000 cwt, valued 
at Rllli, 3 10,000. The exports of cinchona bark were 
425,000 lb. valued at R 155,000, against 503,000 lb. and 
R058.000, so that here there has been a decrease. The 
export of coconuts had gone down from 708,000 to 
327,000, and copra from 43,000 cwt. to 10,000. The 
exports of rice (the only export on which duty is now 
loviod) had readied tho enormous figure of 21,752,000 
owt., so that the total for tho year was no doubt fully 
up to 21,000,000 cwt. Of coarse, much of the inforior 
Burma rice sent to Europe is used not as food but 
to size cloth. Tho increase on the previous year had 
been about 700,000 owt. Tho 21.752,000 cwt. of rice 
exported was valued at R64,922,000. The quantity of 
rice iu the husk exported (" paddy ") was 295,000 cwt. 
valued at R487.000. In wheat there had been ail enorm- 
ous rice, from 6,948,000 cwt. to 19,142,000. Of ivory, 
the exports were 9,994 lb. valued at R50.000. Of jute, 
the exports were 6,(507,000 cwt. valued at B45, 202.000. 
an increase of nearly If million of cwts. There were, 
b«djp8 thiB quantity of raw juto, nearly 40 millions of 
gunny bags of a value of over R10,000,000. with gunny 
cloths, rope, twine, <fco. The oxports of coconut oil 
had gone down from 1,323,000 gallons to 973,000 gal- 
k> i of in ulaiuoms tho exports were 207,000 lb. agaia 
209 
214,000. Of tea tho exports in tho 11 months of the 
three years were:— 
lstAprilto28.hFeb.l879-80. .3G,893,000 lb. R29,540,000 
„ 1880-81.. 45,232,000 lb. R29, 785,000 
„ 1881-82.. 47,527,000 lb. R35,287,000 
It will thus he seen that there had been an increase 
of over 10,000,000 lb. in three years, but it is reported 
that this process has now been arrested, as a conse- 
quence of the low prices which prevailed for several 
years back. The export of tobacco leaf had gone down 
from 12,666,000 lb. to 9,226,000 1b., while "manufact- 
ured" had risen from 365,000 lb. to 718,000 11). Of 
irt had been 54,000 cubic tons against 
ilwood had been exported to the value of 
teak tl 
58,870. 
[;:):!(!, (inn. 
I I u 
t;, 
otal value of Indian produce and manu- 
was for the 11 months R704,019,000, so 
year the sum was probably R770,000,000. 
m exports by land to Burma, Nepal, 
and other bordering countries. With the abolition of 
all duties except that on rice, and the facilities of 
transport provided by means of railways and lines of 
steamers, we may confidently look for the early day 
when the value of the exports of British India will 
reach and exceed a value of 100 mdlions sterling. 
THE BOTANY AND CLASSIFI ,'ATION OF 
THE CINCHONAS. 
The substance of Dr. Bidie's report, which we 
copied into Saturday's Observer, cannot but be re- 
garded as a valuable contribution to the controversial 
and general literature of which the fever, or rather 
fever-curing, trees of the Andean regions of America 
have become the subject since the era of their won- 
derfully successful introduction into the Eastern World. 
For poor bumptious Cross, who so dogmatically af- 
firmed that the Cinchona mccirubra of the NiLiris 
(identical with that of Ceylon and Java) was not 
"tho real Simon Pure," but a grey bark, C. micranilia ? 
but who, when shewn plates of the two species, with- 
out names attached, was unable to soy which was 
which, we can now feel only pity. The wonder is 
tnat Col. Beddome, who complained of Mr. Cross's 
contradictory statt ments, accepted so readily hi* test- 
imony, in direct opposition to that of Dr. Spruce, as 
to the now celebrated " PatA-de-Gallinazo." But Dr. 
Itidie himself, it will be observed, although he be- 
lieves in the tendency to hybridization and noticed 
tho frequency of hybrid-looking plants, yet leans to 
the belief tint •• Mr. Mclvor's hybrid," the seed 
of which came true to type, iB really a pubescent 
type of Spruce's " Cuchicara." C. inwjnifolia, on the 
other hand, Dr. Bidie supposes, Mr. Cross is right 
in identifying with tho smooth-leaved variety or 
type of Dr. Spruce's "Cuchicara." It is well that a 
complete set of botanical specimens, leaves, flowers 
and fruits, have gone to Kcw for identification, the 
lvsult of which cannot but be to throw valuable light 
on the whole question. Dr. Bidie, however, does 
uot seem to be aw are that Dr. Triinou hail already 
tent to Kcw spe -miens of " Cinchonn robutta" (identical, 
we believe with " Mr. Melvor'n hybrid," lanostkt or 
pubeiicen*), the result of which was to prove that 
whatever tho troo ni^ht turn out to be, hybrid or 
distinct ipecies, Pdtd tk-OalUitazo it wait uot. But 
