134 COLE : ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WOLD DALES. 
Lias. A previous axis of elevation is wont to repeat itself. 
Hence we are not surprised to find that the highest elevation 
of the chalk wolds follows the previous axis of elevation from 
Garrowby Hill to Flamborough. But coincidently with 
this is another elevation, almost at right angles, from 
Garrowby to the Humber, and beyond, to Lincoln- 
shire. 
It follows from this that the intervening portions in the 
angle must have been more or less compressed, and so have 
produced inequalities of surface during the process of eleva- 
tion, as is shown by the fact that the beds of chalk in this 
area repeatedly dip in different directions, or are tilted, 
though the general dip of the mass is towards the south- 
east. 
It must be noticed also that the very fact of the elevation 
of beds, deposited in a fairly deep sea, to the height of nearly 
1,000 feet above the sea level, must have produced a tension 
in the upper beds, independently of any angle, determining 
in many cases the lines of erosion. 
Subaerial agencies, aided by submarine during the process 
of primary elevation, stamped a permanent feature on these 
inequalities, which were not obliterated, but rather increased, 
during the long ages in which, previous to the glacial 
epoch, the chalk wolds were first islands, then a portion of 
the dry land of England, and perhaps of the continent of 
Europe. 
Ice subsequently stepped in and moulded the peculiar 
features which we see at the present day. 
The foregoing remarks are a brief summar}^ of the opinion 
which I venture to suggest as to the origin and formation of 
the dales, and a few notes and illustrations are thrown into 
the form of appendices, so as to leave more time for discus- 
sion, if desired. 
