144 DAVIS : SOURCE OF BOULDERS IN CALDER VALLEY. 
tlie somewhat lower ground of Stainmoor Forest. At this 
point a part of the glacier was deflected eastwards over hills 
rising to a height of 1,500 to 1,600 feet above the sea-level 
into the valleys of the Tees and its tributaries, and also into 
Arkendale and Swaledale, which are branches from the 
valley of the Ouse. The glaciers penetrated far down the 
valleys, and the immense quantities of boulders and till left 
on their recession testify to their great size and importance. 
The second portion of the Eden Valley glacier, which did 
not pass over Stainmoor, continued its course in a southerly 
direction, and one part of it, filling the valley between 
Mallerstang and Wild Boar Fell, passed along the district 
known as Lunds, and may have entered Wensleydale. Mr. 
J. G. Goodchild* has demonstrated that this glacier must 
have been 1,600 feet in thickness, and points to numerous 
evidences of its extent and action in this and the tributary 
dales of Snaizeholme Widdale and other streams. The 
remaining portion passed along the western escarpment of 
the Pennine Chain, and deposited great thicknesses of 
boulder clays in the valleys of Lancashire. Mr. Dakynsf is 
of opinion that the latter is the source whence the " erratics 
may very well have been washed down out of these glacial 
beds into the Calder valley by ordinary rain and river 
action," and I believe that this opinion is also shared to a 
great extent by other officers of the Geological Survey.} It 
has already been observed that the sources of the Calder 
are extended to the Lancashire side of the Pennine anti- 
clinal, but an inspection of the country drained by it shows 
that it is surrounded by high hills, with the exception of the 
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxi., p. 73. 
f Geol. Mag., New Ser., Dec. II., vol. vi., p. 46. 
I See also " Notes on the Lancashire and Cheshire Drift," by E. W. 
Binney, read in 1842, and printed in the Transactions of the Mane. Geol. 
Soc, vol. viii., part i.,page 30 (1869). 
