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MINUTES. 
canine tooth of the bear, and some other specimens of the same 
animal. Of the bison, teeth and other remains occur. Then there 
were remains of a hyaena, apparently of the same species as the 
Cape hysena, which had occurred frequently in cave deposits, as 
well as tusks of the hippopotamus. The bison was the same as 
was to be found in North America. The hippopotamus, such as 
was found in rivers of Africa. The hyaena at the Cape, as he 
had said, and the bear in many parts of the northern hemi- 
sphere. The special points of interest appeared to him to be 
these : — That there occurred remains of extinct animals ; and, 
secondly, that there was an entire absence of what might be 
called northern or arctic forms. In Cresswell Crags and 
Windy Knoll, in Derbyshire, the animal remains were those 
of existing forms only; but these bones represented animals 
of the southern type, and belonged to an earlier state of 
things than those under which most of the caves of England 
received the bones of fossil animals. Referring to the cir- 
cumstances under which the bones got into the fissure, he said 
that whether they fell in, or were washed in, they naturally fell 
towards the bottom of the fissure, and the clay accumulated which 
sealed them up. But before the clay accumulated the circumstances 
of the country had changed, the severe cold which marked the 
glacial epoch of the geologist had begun to be felt, and a consider- 
able portion of the clay in the fissure was evidently glacial — 
including the far-travelled pebbles, transported by moving land 
ice. In a climate considerably colder than the present, the caves 
of Cresswell Crags, and other parts of Derbyshire, were filled, and 
there they found the remains of arctic animals side by side with some 
of the southern forms, such as were discovered at Raygill. The 
remains of the species found at Raygill — which were no doubt 
at one time plentiful throughout the district — appeared to have 
been swept away from the surface of the open country by the ice- 
sheet which seemed to have extended southwards as far as Leeds. 
For a collection of remains, similar to those preserved in the fissure, 
they had to go to the valley of the river Aire, near Leeds, where, 
in a brickfield, were found the bones of the elephant, rhinoceros, 
hippopotamus, and bison. The whole story of the Raygill Quarries 
deserved to be told at full length, and he hoped before long to be 
able to lay the facts of the discovery before the Geological Society. 
The occurrence of the remains he had referred to, under such 
singular circumstances, required some permanent record to be 
made. In conclusion, Professor Miall expressed the thanks of the 
Society to the Messrs. Spencer and their foreman, for the care they 
had taken to preserve these most interesting relics. 
The members walked from Raygill to Skipton, and dined at the 
Devonshire Arms. 
