3IELL0 : CRESWELL CAVES. 
257 
disputed with them the possession of the Caves, The more elaborated 
flint implements, as well as those made of bone, have disappeared ; 
rough chips only of flint, and still ruder weapons and tools made 
of broken quartzite pebbles, seem to have been the only ones in use ; 
quartzite implements, and one or two of clay ironstone, alone beiug 
met with in the lowermost bed. These quartzite and ironstone 
implements, mostly trimmed in the roughest way by a few chips 
struck off here and there, bear a strong resemblance to the rude 
forms found in the River Gravels, and in the lowest beds of Kent's 
Ilole and Wookey Tlole, in this country ; and to others found 
abroad in such Caves as Le Moustier, in the Dordogne, and in the 
Kesslerloch. The American Indians of Wyoming are said to make 
use of equally rough tools for the preparation of their hides. 
Some of these pebble implements have evidently been used as ham- 
mers, perhaps for the purpose of breaking up bones for the ex- 
traction of the marrow, such broken bones attesting man's presence, 
being very numerous in the Caves. 
One of the most important results derived from the explora- 
tions of the Creswell Caves, is the remarkably clear evidence that 
has thus been afforded by the orderly distribution of these works 
of Palaeolithic man, of regular stages in his history, and of a pro- 
gress in civilization, and "a direct relation in point of time has 
been established between the rude types of implements below, and 
the more finished ones above ;" the rude implements of quartzite 
were used before the more highly finished ones of flint. What these 
Palceolithic men were like we have no certain means of knowing, 
but by a careful comparison of their implements and habits of life, 
so far as these latter can be ascertained, it appears that there is 
much to connect them with the existing Esquimaux, — that hardy 
race of hunters and fishermen who would thus seem to have been 
driven in the long course of ages, in company with the Arctic 
animals, to more northern climes. 
It is probable that these primitive Cave Men wandered about 
in small tribes or families, and the Caves would be occupied by 
them only at intervals, meanwhile the hordes of wild beasts which 
