MELLO I CRESWELL CAVES. 
261 
Rhinoceros, and the Mammoth, appear to have been absent at the 
period when these remains were being accumulated : no implements 
either of man were found in these lower deposits. The Ilippopotamus 
remains represent three young adults, and consist of " fragments 
of a skull, and the complete molar series of both sides of the upper 
jaw, one premolar and two upper incisors all belonging to one in- 
dividual, and portions of the jaws and other bones of two of its 
companions. The presence of the Hippopotamus and its associate 
the Leptorhine Rhinoceros, seems to characterise a period earlier in 
date than that of the remains found in the other Caves, and " these 
two animals are" — it has been pointed out by Prof. Boyd Dawkins — 
" so frequently companions in the Caves and river deposits in 
Britain, that there is reason for believing that they mark a stage 
in the Zoclogy of the Pleistocene period. Both are southern 
species, and are associated together in no less than sixteen caverns 
and river deposits in this country, and are very generally accom- 
panied also by the Elephas Antiquus." Like the Machairodus the 
Hippopotamus is a survival from the Pleiocene age, and is, as well 
as that animal, met with, as has been said, in the Forest Bed of 
Norfolk. From the association of the Hippopotamus and the 
Leptorhine Rhinoceros with the Reindeer in the Yorkshire Caves, 
as well as elsewhere in England, Prof. Dawkins further says that 
he should feel inclined to consider them characteristic of that 
period in which the southern animals were living in this country, 
but were suffering from the competition of Arctic invaders driven 
southwards by the lowering of the temperature — that is to say ■ 
— in the middle stage of the Pleistocene. It must be further re- 
marked that these two animals were among those which the 
Palaeolithic hunter saw when he arrived in this country, in his ex- 
peditions along the valleys now covered by the English Channel and 
the North Sea. They are found in one Cave only in Britain, the 
Cave of Pont Newydd, along with Palaeolithic implements, which 
are fashioned out of quartzite, like those of the red sand in the 
Creswell Caves. They occur also in the Palaeolithic river gravels 
of Brandon and Peckham, along with implements of the type 
