HOLMES : DISCOVERIES OF BEONZE IMPLEMENTS. 407 
advantage of the classifications laid down by Mr. Evans,* we may- 
say, that the Sandal Magna Celt is of an early and simple type. 
It is finely palmated, measures 5f inches long, and weighs 
13 ounces. 
The earliest and simplest type figured by Mr. Evans is like one 
which I obtained at Cyprus in 1873. Such an implement placed 
in any knob or handle of wood, would tend in use to split it along 
the grain of the wood. To prevent this, a series of progressive 
contrivances are exhibited in Bronze Celts, which by swelling 
the surface, or by flanging the sides, or across, would tend to prevent 
splitting from a direct stroke or blow of the implement, and so give 
efficiency for its use. The Celt now before us (the Sandal specimen) 
shews an interesting stage of transition, viz., the slight thickening 
from the ends to the centre ; a slight ridge across the centre, and a 
well defined side flange, partly cast and partly hammered, — while 
much decayed, affords evidence of a hollow-ridged-ornament 
running across the flanges — such as Mr. Evans figures in No. 7 
from Suffolk, No. 12 from Norfolk, No. 14 from Lewes, No. 15 from 
Ely, No. 17 from Liss, and several from Scotland and Ireland. 
The general form of this Celt is common over the British Islands, 
and in Denmark, and may be considered a good specimen of the 
second or third stage of progress. 
The whole of the Hunslet-Carr hoard, save the socketed one, 
are of the latest and best form of the palstaves. They have been 
cast with sunken hollows — to fix in a split handle — with a well 
shaped cross flange in the centre to prevent splitting ; and they 
have each a loop to tie to, or to steady the head upon a handle. 
The cutting edge is well shaped — being worn most by use on the 
side opposite to the loop. They are slightly ornamented in casting, 
by a simple ridge, and in one instance a V shaped shield below the 
cross flange, all economising material, while strengthening the Celt 
itself. One has further, at the handle end, a small piece notched 
* "Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great 
Britain," (1881). 
