26 
The "Hade" in throws, as to its origin has been a great 
puzzle, especially to mining men, and especially why the 
hade is never found under the upcast side. The whole is 
readily explained as the effect of a movement upwards of the 
whole area, and that it is so, is proved by the fact of always 
finding the strata rising at the same angle on both sides of 
the fault. If the hade inclined under the "upcast" side, 
the earth's crust would have contracted, and not as is always 
the case, expanded. In fact, the fissures in rocks and 
dislocations of strata are all the effects of one cause, viz : — 
the expansion of the crust ; only in dislocations one side is 
elevated a little beyond the other, in perpendicular height. 
(See Plate III.) 
Mineral veins. — Nothing in Greology has given rise to a 
greater variety of opinions and conjectures than the origin 
of metalliferous veins ; these also are readily explained by 
expansions of the crust. It is not a little singular that 
Werner, Carne, Fox, &c, espoused this notion — That the 
bearing veins, or "right running" veins and the "cross" 
veins gave indications of successive rents in the same general 
direction. The fissures, in fact, which contain the minerals, 
are the effects of one upward movement — this being the 
origin of the fissures. The filling of the fissures with 
carbonate of lime, sulphate of barytes, sulphuret of iron, 
blende, &c, transferred probably by voltaic electricity, 
is a subsequent operation ; then these veins have lastly, 
as in some disturbed districts, afterwards been displaced 
by later subsequent movements upwards. (See section 
A, Cornwall mine.) See Plate III. 
It is also a question whether the Seasons are not secularly 
getting colder. Meyen says, (Botanical Geography, p. 373) 
"We learn from history that there were vineyards, but now 
" deserted 300 years ago, and the vine was much cultivated 
" around Telsit, Elbing, Thorn, and other places ; and the 
