23 
4. That during the uprising, boulders were dropped by 
the grounding and melting of ice, while the scratching and 
grooving action of littoral ice ceased. 
But no submergence or emergence are required. The 
phenomena are readily explained by the gradual expansion 
and elevation of a tract of land covered by sea, filled with ice 
and icebergs, being drifted into Scotland, the lake districts, 
and other parts of the British Isles, covering them tempo- 
rarily to the depth of 500 yards. Thus every Highland 
valley has its glacier and its moraine. 
The marine shells pholodadiae (boring shells), serpula, 
nuliporate encrustaceae (H. M. 313) embedded in this drift 
are not now found in the British seas, but in seas 10° north- 
wards. The group of animals which inhabited then this 
country were — the great elephant, two species of rhinoceros, 
hippopotamus, hyaena, a tiger and monkey, all different from 
the intertropical species, more so (says Owen) " than the ass 
"from the horse, or the wolf from the dog." The animal 
remains found in the mammiferous crag are all belonging to 
Europe, and are entirely different from the intertropical 
species, as proved by Professor Owen, and were natives 
of the country where their remains are now found.* 
Great Britain had then her native elephant, rhinoceros, 
tiger, and hyaena, and it is a significant fact that the 
remains of these bones in the diluvium are mixed with 
species more northern still, viz., the remains of the red deer, 
reindeer, Lithuanian aurock, European wolf, wild cat, fox, and 
otter, all tending to prove that by the growth and uprising 
of submerged lands in Spit zber gen, Iceland, or the west 
coasts of Scandinavia, the retiring waters, with their con- 
tained ice and icebergs, and the marine shells peculiar to them, 
were driven southwards across the British Isles, lowering 
the temperature of the country, and carrying down the lines 
* See note page 21. 
