21 
of surface both demonstrating the expansion of the earth's 
crust and the increase of its orbit.* 
Old coast lines, and raised beaches running round the 
shores of Great Britain and Ireland are flat-terraces, 
backed by slight escarpments. No geologist doubts but 
the escarpment was at one time the coast line of the 
island. But above this ancient sea line are raised beaches 
200 feet above the sea, containing the same fossils as exist in 
the sea adjoining them. To give examples of these beaches on 
the coasts of Great Britain, there are the valleys of the Forth 
and the Clyde, where are low terraces much above the actual 
reach of the tide — on the coast of Lancashire, at Preston — at 
the base of the Forest Hills, in Cheshire — again near 
Shrewsbury — on the Mersey, at Runcorn — on Moel Tryvaen, 
near Caernarvon, 1,450 feet above the sea — on the Baltic 
and the Atlantic coasts of Scandinavia are phenomena of the 
same nature. Mr. Lyell also found raised beaches in 
Sweden, near Stockholm, 50 to 100 feet high. In one of these 
are shells in abundance, such as now live in the Baltic. Even 
in Nottinghamshire, twenty miles inland, are shells to be 
found identical with those now living in the German Ocean. 
Innumerable facts, fully proving the theory of Captain 
Drayson, of the growth and expansion in the crust of the 
earth — even up to the present time. In fine, to conclude 
this part of the subject in the words of Lyell, p. 187, vol. I, 
* More remote than the period of the old coast lines, the northern mam - 
moth lived in great abundance ; also two northern species of rhinoceros ceased 
to exist. In the tertiary period beasts were wonderfully developed, mammoths, 
mastodons, rhinoceri, hippopotami, dinotherum, megatherium. Dug out of the 
Pleistocene are Bos longifrons, B primigenius, megaceros Kibernicus, 10 feet 
4 inches high. There existed in the forests of Pleistocene the cave-hysena, 
the cave-tiger, and the cave-bear. 
This ancient elephant (elephas primigenius) the remains of which occur 
all round the globe in a belt extended from 40° to 70° of N. L. There now 
exists two species of elephant, elephas Africanus, and elephas Indicus. Six 
species of rhinoceri : — Bhinoc. Indicus, Juvanus, Sumatiensis, Africanus, 
Sinus, Ketloa, now existing, all very different from the extinct specie*. 
