217 
the deceased was signed by two different kings. For the same 
reason the names of Osimanphtha and Pamses are to be 
found standing in juxta-position on many other monu- 
ments, e.g., on the obelisk near the Porta del Popolo. In 
short, Enkasiv-Amun lived during the combined reigning 
of Osimanphtha and Pamses ! 
At what time did these kings live ? This query no one was 
able to answer satisfactorily prior to 1833. For the cyphers 
concerning Manetho's dynasties and single kings, as copied 
by Julius Africanus, Eusebius, the Armenian Eusebius, and 
in the chronologic reports of Eratosthenes, the Yetus Chro- 
nicon, and the Hieratic Manetho at Turin, differ so much 
from each other, that chronologists were entitled to put the 
same kings many hundred or even thousands of years earlier 
or later. Mr. Osburn, following the confused system of 
Champollion, gives to both kings only the nineteen years 
from 1493 to 1474 B.C., and in so doing he was in error, as 
we shall see, by more than 200 years. In 1833, however, 
when the key to the astronomical monuments of the Ancients 
was discovered, it came to light that Osimanphtha and 
Pamses Meiamun were born, the former in 1730, the latter 
in 1693 B.C. In the valley of Biban el Moluk (the graves 
of the kings), near Thebes, in Egypt, two royal catacombs 
are still existing, of which one belonged to the abovesaid 
Osimanphtha, the other to his son Pamses Meiamun. These 
catacombs, measured by the French savans accompanying 
Buonaparte in 1799, have been depicted in the " Description 
de l'Egypte ;" and in the Turin Museum there are two papyri 
preserved, one of which is the map of Pamses' catacomb, and 
the other contains the ground-plans of both catacombs, that 
of Pamses, and of Osimanphtha. In the latter, the magnifi- 
cent alabaster sarcophagus of Osimanphtha, now in Sir John 
Soane's Museum, in London ; in the former, the colossal 
granite sarcophagus of Pamses-Sesostris, now in the Louvre 
