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cut soft substances.* Bone harpoons, poignards, arrow-heads, 
and javelin heads also occur, and pins and needles of this 
material are very common. Teeth also, and particularly 
those of the wild boar, were used for cutting, and were also, 
in some cases, worn as ornaments or armlets. There can be 
little doubt that wood was also extensively used for different 
purposes, but, unfortunately, most of the implements of this 
material have perished. A wooden mallet, however, was 
found at Concise. 
For our knowledge of the animal remains from the pile- 
works we are almost entirely indebted to Prof. Rutimeyer, 
who has published two memoirs on the subject. The bones 
are in the same fragmentary condition as those from the 
Kjokkenmoddings, and have been opened in the same manner 
for the sake of the marrow. There is also the same absence 
of certain bones and parts of bones, so that it is impossible 
to reconstruct a perfect skeleton even of the commonest 
animals. 
The total number of species amounts to about 66, of which 
10 are fishes, 3 reptiles, 17 birds, and the remainder quad- 
rupeds. Of the latter, eight species may be considered as 
having been domesticated, namely, the dog, pig, horse, ass, 
goat, sheep, and at least two species of oxen. The bones 
very seldom occur in a natural condition, but those of domes- 
tic and wild animals are mixed together, and the state in 
which they are found, the marks of knives upon them, and 
their having been almost always broken open for the sake of 
the marrow, are all evidences of human interference. 
Human bones occur in the pileworks but very seldom, and 
may no doubt be referred to accidents, especially as we find 
that those of children are most numerous. One mature skull 
was, however, discovered at Meilen, and has been described 
* According to Sir E. Belcher, however, sharpened pieces of horn are used 
by the Esquimaux in the preparation of flint weapons. 
S 
