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its easternmost limit branches out into two lesser terminal 
valleys, one directing itself towards the south-west, the other 
to the north-west. Conceive further that this valley on its 
south side throws off, so to speak, several smaller or sub- 
valleys, each with its own peculiar stream — or beck — running 
along its depth into the great receiving stream of the main 
valley, and with its own especial distinctive prefix to the 
general designation of Dale. The barriers which separate 
these minor valleys, each from the other, are narrow promon- 
tory-like ridges, with moorland surfaces, and a medium 
height of 1,200 to 1,300 feet. Ancient ramparts and en- 
trenchments are found on all these ridges without any 
exception. What variation there is depends mainly on the 
different degrees of skill and care apparently employed in 
constructing the various defences in question, and partly, on 
their varying nature. Thus, the most westerly ridge has a 
regularly formed camp, with very extensive earthworks of 
uncertain intention, upon its extremity. This is Crown 
End in Westerdale. The next ridge, on the terminating spur 
of which the first Norman fortress in the district seems to 
have been reared, had probably before that furnished in the 
same place the site of a Celtic fastness, and is besides, in two 
several places much higher up and about three-quarters of a 
mile apart, crossed by a strong vallum and fosse. The next, 
that between Danby and Fryup Dales, has had, or has yet 
(besides many smaller walls, the object or purpose of which 
it is now hard to surmise), four separate entrenchments 
drawn across it, the most southerly consisting in part of a 
double vallum and intermediate trench, but its western half 
composed of three strong Valiums with two intermediate 
trenches. The ridge next to the east of this, again, has 
two walls, with — as I lately found good reason to conclude — 
the site of a Celtic settlement between. The next, again, 
was very strongly fortified, and, as I believe, with a system 
