369 
especially arrow-heads, sling- stones, spear-heads, and what 
are supposed to be knives, are found scattered about in great 
abundance ; while in the country of which Leeds is the 
centre, which produced iron plentifully, which was traversed 
by Roman roads in various directions, and in and around 
which were important Roman settlements, implements of 
stone are found more rarely. If these stone implements 
belong to a period anterior to the Romans, and before the 
metals were extracted from the ground, why are they not 
found as frequently in the neighbourhood of Leeds as in that 
of Bridlington ? And so, when we leave the Leeds district, 
and enter the wilder country of Craven, we find, in the 
caves, for instance, which must have given shelter to a very 
unrefined class of people, objects formed of stone and the 
ruder materials, mixed with the materials in metals. So, 
again, if we look to Shropshire and the counties on the 
borders of Wales where the great Roman mining operations 
were carried on, which were covered with Roman towns, 
Roman roads, and Roman settlements of every description, 
and where the metals, therefore, must have been much less 
difficult to procure than in many other parts of the country, 
implements of stone are seldom found. And this, I think, 
will be found to be the case generally. There is, however, 
more substantial evidence that stone was used in this manner, 
not only during the age of the Romans, but at much later 
periods, and for the same reasons. Stone implements have 
been found in Pagan Anglo-Saxon graves ; they were no 
doubt in use among the Christianized Anglo-Saxons. In the 
Latin-Saxon vocabularies, made for the purpose of teaching 
the former language to school-boys, compiled not earlier than 
the latter part of the tenth century, and preserved in manu- 
scripts of the earlier part of the eleventh, we have in one 
the Latin word bipennis, explained by stan-bill, i.e. sl stone- 
bill ; and in another, under the head of axes and such im- 
gg2 
