411 
the rivulets which separate Yorkshire from Derbyshire on 
the one side, and Westmoreland on another, were ancient 
divisions between great and rival kingdoms. We have, in the 
Saxon Chronicle, a succinct but very clear account of the 
manner in which counties, and their subdivisions, wapen- 
takes and hundreds, were formed, and it is sufficiently 
evident that the boundaries were mostly artificial, and deter- 
mined by the limits of the lands of the great Saxon thanes, 
or the community of interest which prevailed between neigh- 
bouring districts. Mr. Hunter acknowledges that the 
boundary line of Yorkshire has, on the east, been different 
in former ages from the present one. As an instance, part 
of the county of York, near Rossington, is, in an ecclesiastical 
point of view, within Nottinghamshire. 
We now pass into the light of the written records of the 
kingdom. Doomsday Survey informs us that, at the Con- 
quest, the great Earl Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, 
Huntingdon, and Northampton, had the Manor of Hallun or 
Hallum, with its sixteen Berewicks, which, unfortunately, 
are not named. These Berewicks were hamlets dependent 
upon, and parcel of, the Manor. It contained 29 carucates 
of arable land — about 3,000 acres — and there were twenty 
ploughs. There were there, also, thirty- three villains, who, 
at that period, were a superior kind of landowners. Earl 
Waltheof married the Countess Judith, that wicked Jezebel, 
as she is called in the Saxon Chronicle, the niece of the 
Conqueror, and was allowed to hold his land in Hallam. He, 
however, afterwards rebelled against the Norman king, and 
was put to death ; the Manor remaining at Doomsday Survey 
in the hands of a grantor of his widow. Owing to the 
devastations of the Conqueror, the Manor of Hallam, which, 
in the days of Edward the Confessor, was taxed at 8 marks 
of silver, is returned in the Survey as rated only at 40s. 
Any one conversant with the modes of life of the Anglo- 
