521 
Gaulish imitation of the well-known Macedonian didrachm, 
called, after its first coiner, the Philippus, was in use in 
Southern Britain, those parts of the island north of South 
Yorkshire seem to have had no coined money, at least none 
has ever been found. Now these peculiar-shaped rings have 
occurred of all sizes, and that in a number deposited together, 
from one too small to go on to any finger, and graduating 
from that size up to one that is large enough to surround an 
arm. I have six small gold rings, found in the north of 
Northumberland, each ring made of three wires soldered 
together, and when discovered strung in chain fashion. 
Showing these to a friend, who had just returned from 
Nubia, he told me that rings precisely similar were used 
there for money, and that he had seen them made. Large 
quantities of brass and iron rings, called manillas, of various 
sizes, almost exact models of the British rings I am speaking 
of, are now made at Birmingham for exportation to Africa, 
where in some parts they form the currency. Taking all 
these facts into consideration, we may, without much doubt, 
suppose a similar article to have been used for money in 
Britain.* 
* I referred above to the coins which have been supposed to belong to the 
British tribe which occupied, amongst other counties, Yorkshire, and though 
they probably belong to a time after that to which my lecture is devoted, they 
cannot be passed by without some slight account of them. They are very rude 
imitations of imitations of the Philippus, in which the head of Apollo has 
degenerated into a wreath of lozenge-shaped leaves, with what a very vivid 
imagination may call locks of hair, and the biga on the reverse into an animal in 
which no Yorkshireman could recognize a horse. Upon some of them are legends 
of which no satisfactory explanation has been given. They are of very base 
metal, and having been found associated with Roman Consular coins and some 
early Imperial ones, may probably date from about our era to fifty years after 
Christ. I have mentioned bronze in connection with the ancient Britons, but 
you must remember that the use of this metal has been denied them. Some 
writers, and especially the well-known antiquarian author, Mr. Thomas "Wright, 
have attributed all bronze weapons and implements to the Romans or to those 
who had come under Roman influence. This view I hold to be perfectly unten- 
