530 
which, judging from the very large quantity of animal bones 
found in it, must have been occupied for a long period. In 
this cave were discovered all the belongings of the family 
who lived in it, with the bones of themselves. They seem to 
have been overtaken by a sudden death by drowning, when 
the cave was overflowed during a high flood. This most 
miserable abode was inhabited by persons who were possessed 
of gold ornaments and bronze articles of the very highest 
excellency, whether we have regard to beauty of form or 
skilfulness of fabric. Is othing can exceed the swords, spear- 
heads, pins, armlets, and other articles there discovered ; and 
that many of these, if not all, were made by themselves there 
can be no doubt, for a bronze mould for celts was found, 
together with some waste pieces from the castings, as well as 
a piece of pure copper, which proves that they made their 
own bronze. The greater part of the day was most likely 
passed by them out of doors, and there was, therefore, not the 
need for such houses as more sedentary populations require. 
They were great fortifiers ; in this differing from their 
successors, our Tuetonic forefathers, whose dislike to walled 
towns, and distrust of fortresses, is still strongly implanted 
in us. Let us hope that we freedom-loving Scandinavians — I 
love that name better than Anglo-Saxon — will always place 
our best trust in a stout heart and a strong arm. 
The whole of the north of England is full of forts and 
fortlets, the defensive places of the British tribes. In some 
parts of Northumberland almost every hill- end has one upon 
it ; generally of no very great extent, but strongly fortified, 
according to the then rules of warfare. In most cases the 
more or less precipitous side of a hill has been taken advan- 
tage of, and the fort abuts upon it, but in some instances it is 
placed upon level ground ; in the first case it partakes, in 
some measure, of the shape of the ground on which it is 
placed, in the second it is circular or oval. The ramparts, 
