563 
On the sides of the valley of the lire, near Bipon, the 
gravels also have been evidently re-arranged. They consist 
of gravels derived from the glacial drift more or less mixed 
with red sand from the New red sandstone near ; and seem to 
indicate from the manner in which they are deposited a set 
of variable currents, sometimes from the north, sometimes 
from the east, according as the drift gravels or the red sand 
prevail. The manner in which they are deposited seems also 
to show that the climate was still very cold, though the 
severity of the glacial period was gradually giving way. 
The beds of sand, gravel, and clay, are sometimes thrown 
together in contorted masses, and the edges of the interposed 
beds lie sharp against those within which they occur, as if 
they had been brought on drift ice, and thrown down into 
their present position as the ice melted.* On the east side of 
the Ure one of these beds of sand exhibits a remarkable bend. 
It is a seam of sand which has evidently been deposited under 
water, and therefore horizontally; but it is now found not 
only inclined at a considerable angle, but bent in its course. 
Some strong force must therefore have been called into play 
to alter its primary condition. Such a force would be exerted 
by large masses of ice, moving down the valley, and ploughing 
up and pushing forwards the gravel beds below, which became 
elevated and bent, as they resisted the pressure behind them. 
These two ages of the drift and gravel are very distinct. In 
the period which followed, the land was raised to its present 
level ; and here and there along the bottoms of the present 
valleys there were marshes and shallow lakes, the former 
presence of which is indicated by thin beds of peat lying 
from four to eight feet below the present level of alluvial 
* See Plate. 
Note. — In the Geological Map the out-crops of the several strata are marked 
as follows: New Red Sandstone, two short parallel lines; Permian, a circle; 
Red grit, a triangle ; Cayton Gill Beds, a cross; Flags, &c, a diamond. 
