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flats, which have been formed by the gradual silting up of 
these marshes. Out of a small bed of peat at Markington, 
lying beneath four feet of silt, I have extracted hazel nuts, 
in some of which the form of the kernel was preserved. 
The well-known and remarkable rocks, which lie upon the 
ridge of Brimham, consist of the lower members of the red 
grit. They do not appear to me to have been very much 
altered since the glacial sea ceased to beat against them. 
They form a cliff of about half a mile in extent, from the 
base of which a hill runs sharply down to the valley of the 
Nidd, which evidently once formed the bottom of the sea. 
At the foot of the cliff lie broken rocks which had been torn 
away by the violence of the waves. Many of the rocks are 
evidently water-worn, as if by the long-continued action of 
the sea. In one rock, not far from the Ape Bock, in parti- 
cular, there is a small cave which has been hollowed out by 
the unmistakable action of the waves, which have left in the 
midst of it a little pillar round which they have in former 
ages furiously dashed. 
Some of the largest rocks are split across and across, as if 
the underlying strata had given way, or had been washed 
out, and these rocks had settled down upon the point of a 
harder bed below, and then the weight of the rocks had 
caused them to split into four. 
The rocking stones and perched blocks have clearly been 
formed by the waste of the underlying beds, which happened 
to be softer or more exposed than these which remain, and 
which now appear in such singular situations. And it is 
worthy of notice that the very same thing is going on at this 
present time. The sea shore below Huntcliffe, near Saltburn, 
presents an appearance at low water remarkably like the 
moor at Brimham, with rocks perched upon others, and 
exhibiting forms remarkably like those which occur there. 
These are the chief points of interest belongiog to the 
