579 
hills, and the singular peaks of Flasby. Beyond Settle and 
RLrkby Malham rise the limestone ridges and mural escarp- 
ments of the Craven Fault. Still further away, may be seen 
the grit summits of Ingleborough, Fountains Fell, and 
Penyghent, distinguished by the purple ling from the green 
limestone slopes, while in clear weather the view is terminated 
by the long, serrated outlines of the slate mountains of the 
Lake District. On examining the extensive area thus 
enclosed, it is found to be diversified by numerous oval 
eminences rising out of the shales and throwing them off 
north and south. These little hills are soon seen to wear the 
bright green aspect of limestone pastures, and to be adorned 
by those plants (Primula farinosa, Viola lutea, &c.) which 
are characteristic of a calcareous soil. An occasional quarry 
shews that the rock is that dark, laminated limestone, of 
which I have already spoken. Whenever an extensive 
section is exposed, the beds are seen to be much contorted 
and often faulted, while an examination of the whole district 
shews that the non-calcareous overlying strata have in all 
cases been broken through and tilted up in such a manner 
that their strike is approximately east and west. The 
disturbances, in fact, belong to one great system of anti- 
clinals, whose general direction is E. and "W., or N.E. and 
S.W., though, as a geological map shews, local variations 
occur. Before making any deductions from these phenomena, 
I will read a few notes of the more important sections. 
Rain Sill and Thornton. — The contorted beds here run 
through a range of low hills in the middle of the valley, and 
have been extensively quarried for many years. Owing to the 
great flexures, and the vast sections artificially made, a good 
view can be obtained of the entire series of limestone rocks. 
Uppermost are argillaceous shales, which pass into the black 
laminated limestone. This, again, rests immediately upon the 
Lower Scar Limestone, which is as violently contorted and 
