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in a state of tension ; that denudation, or any other agent 
which destroys the equilibrium, causes lateral motion, and in 
many cases elevation, at the weaker points. A familiar 
illustration of this principle may be found in the "creeps" 
which take place in coal mines when a considerable mass of 
coal has been removed. I have lately seen a remarkable 
representation in miniature of the South Craven Anticlinals 
in Manningham Lane, one of the roads leading out of 
Bradford. The road has been newly macadamized with 
Mount Sorrel granite and asphalt. Owing to a bend the 
vehicles preferred the west side. On the other side thirty- 
three small anticlinals appeared, rising from two to seven 
inches above the surface of the road and breaking up the 
newly laid portion. The lines of elevation made an angle 
of 55° with the footpath. The furrows were due to precisely 
the same cause as the South Craven Anticlinals, and it was 
amusing to observe the futility of all attempts to remove 
them by rolling and adding fresh material. 
The ancient doctrine that igneous rocks were mainly 
concerned in the production of disturbances and elevations 
among stratified rocks, received some confirmation from a 
superficial examination of British Palaeozoic strata. The 
contorted limestones of the Humbleton Hills, of Castletown, 
Isle of Man, and of many other districts, is associated with 
trap rocks. The granite of Dartmoor has been credited with 
the disturbances of North Devon, and some old sections, 
even where no igneous or volcanic traces existed at the 
surface, supply a subterranean peak upon which the anti- 
clinal beds may rest securely. There is certainly no excuse 
for such reasoning respecting the South Craven disturbances. 
The regular lines of elevation extending over great areas, 
the contortion of the beds, and the entire absence of erupted 
masses, teach us to look to lateral pressure for the explana- 
tion, and not to any volcanic and cataclysmal agency. It is 
