sKcifKTAiiV s I!i:f(»i; r. 
nortliern Scotland. 80 vast were the discharges that the remains 
now form ranges of hills, stretching from 40 to 50 miles, and 
rising 2,000 feet above sea-level. These were followed in Lower 
Carboniferous times by great outpourings of lava, which formed 
plateaux extending from Stirling to Arran. After these plateaux 
eruptions there came a fuller phase of volcanism, in which the 
central valley of Scotland was the centre of activity, large num- 
bers of puys, or small volcanoes, being formed. Permian and 
Tertiary times also added to the long list of vigorous volcanic 
outbursts in southern Scotland, but the Secondary period seems 
to have been entirely quiescent. The paper was followed by 
a discussion, and the writer was heartily thanked for his services. 
The General Meeting was continued on Saturday evening, 
when Mr. Percy F. Kendall, F.G.S., delivered an address on 
" The Glacial Problems of the Tweed Valley." He pointed out 
that we find evidences in the Glacial Period of the interference 
all along the east coast by the Scandinavian ice sheet, deflecting 
the British ice either northwards or southwards. In Caithness 
the ice was deflected to the north across the land and round 
to the north-we.st. In the Firth of Forth the great mass of the 
Highland ice was forced over the watershed westwards into the 
Clyde drainage area, and so helped to cause a congestion of ice 
in the Irish Sea. and hence contributed to the pressure of ice 
in the Vale of Eden, which made the overflow into Teesdale 
possible. 
At the head of the Tweed valley the drift contained large 
quantities of disintegrated Trias, brought by ice from the Irish 
Sea basin which had overridden the watershed. This stream 
was driven round the corner of the Cheviots at a time when 
the Cheviot glaciers had become small. The Tweed valley is 
striated parallel to its axis, and is also ridged parallel to the 
same line, and the phenomena of crag and tail shown by many 
hills point to the same movement along the valley. When the 
end of the Cheviots is reached these features all swing round with 
Cheviot as a centre. The overflow valleys across the spurs of 
Cheviot prove that these valleys were obstructed hy ice at their 
