SIIEPPARD : NOTES ON ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS AND OTHER REMAINS. 223 
A few pipes" descend from the soil into the gravel. These have 
obviously been formed by the percolation of water, which has gradually 
dissolved the chalky material, allowing the fine particles of sand and 
soil to fall in. 
It frequently happens that the lime thus dissolved is deposited 
on the surfaces and sides of the boulders and pebbles situated 
immediately underneath the " pipes," forming a loose conglomerate. 
Occasionally these deposits of lime present peculiar forms, which may 
be mistaken for remains of serpulte or other marine organisms. Indeed 
they have been held to be such by some visitors to the sections. So 
far as I liave been able to ascertain, however, marine action has had 
nothing whatever to do with the formation of these gravels. 
We will examine the lower gravel of the section a little more 
closely. This is no doubt the " yellow sand with stony layers . . 
. . . . about. 5 feet" referred to by the previous writer.f It 
does not occur in all parts of the pit, at present being only found in 
the north-east corner, where it seems to fill a saucer-like depression 
in the oolitic clay beneath. It is precisely in this hollow that the 
before-mentioned relics of the large animals are preserved. This 
lower gravel, being compact and apparently solidified by oxide of 
iron, is of a totally different character from the loose chalky material 
above, which contains no mammalian remains, as it consists of boul- 
ders of gannister, millstone grit, etc. It ^vould appear, therefore, as 
already suggested,]: to be the remains of a more extensive bed 
which has been almost entirely removed by denudation ; but how far 
the deposit extends, or extended, we are unable to ascertain, 
apparently to no great distance, as the hill on which it rests is not 
far round at this elevation. 
Unfortunately the men are only able to work at the mammal- 
iferous part of the gravel during the summer months, standing water 
preventing them in winter. 
I am pleased to say that the list of animals whose remains are 
found in these gravels has been increased from two|| to seven 
* They are well shown on a photograph kindly sent to me by Mr. 
Nicholls, of Leeds. See " First Report of the Geol. Photo. Committee of the 
Yorksh. Nat. Union," Nos. 168 and 169, printed in the " Naturalist " for 
March, 1891, p. 74. 
t Op. cit. page 408. X Op. cit. page 409. 
II Mr. Lamplugh's List, op. cit. page 410. 
