246 CARTER : NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF MALHAM AND SETTLE. 
last inhabited by the Brit- Welsh people of the fifth and sixth 
centuries. 
At a depth of six feet below this layer another bed of charcoal 
and ashes was found, in which were Roman coins, implements, and 
ornaments, together with implements made of ground and polished 
bone and flint. Bone harpoons, chipped flint tools fastened into bone 
handles, arrow heads, and polished stone celts, mark the Neolithic 
stage of culture. These people differed very essentially from those 
whose remains were found in the upper layer. The domestic animals 
by which they were accompanied had never roamed wild in Britain. 
They had been domesticated in Asia, and from that continent these 
men had pushed westward, and were, in all probability, closely allied 
to the Basque tribes occupying the Iberian peninsula, and the north 
of the Pyrenees, at the dawn of history. Entering the cave, this 
layer was found to pass insensibly into the cave-earth containing the 
bones of the brown bear, grizzly bear, cave bear, reindeer, and other 
animals belonging to northern regions. 
Twenty feet below the Neolithic layer a bed of blue till was 
found, filled with ice-scratched boulders of limestone, Silurian grit, 
and other far-travelled rocks. The rock striae in the adjoining cHffs 
showed the direction of the ice -sheet to have been from Stainforth to 
Long Preston, by way of Attermere Tarn, filling the ravine in front 
of the cave, and blocking the entrance to it by its lateral moraine. 
These products of the ice-sheet rested upon the upturned edges 
of a layer of lower cave-earth, dipping inwards, enclosing a bone- 
bed of animals, none of which now lives in Britian, among others the 
spotted hyaana, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephant, the last two 
of species now extinct, and all indicating a tropical climate. On 
further excavation, the remains of wolf were found at a depth of 
about twenty-six feet below the Neolithic layer, which proved its 
existence in England at a much earlier period than previously had 
been supposed. 
A visit was paid to the Museum at the Giggleswick Grammar 
School, in which are deposited the many interesting remains that 
have been discovered in the deposits of the Victoria Cave. These 
relics comprise both historical and fossil remains, proving the occupa- 
