SPENCER : THE YOREDALE AND MILLSTONE GRIT ROCKS. 377 
On the weathered faces of the great thick blocks of Kinder 
the pebbles stand out in great relief and form three-quarters of 
the rock ; the pebbles, some round, some oblong, are formed of various 
minerals, quartz, orthoclase, felspar, garnets, tourmaline, together 
with many macroscopic fragments of rock-forming minerals. 
The Yoredale shales occupy the bottom of the valley, and in 
the centre the large reservoir belonging to the Halifax Corporation 
is situated. About half a mile south of Widdop basin is Gorple 
water, a smaller basin (about half a mile in diameter), which has 
also been scooped out of the Kinder Grit, exposing the Yoredale 
shales. This place is very interesting to geologists on account of 
the splendid sections exposed, showing the bending of the anti- 
clinal axis. The Kinder rock, here more than 100 yards in 
thickness, has been bent into a broad arch, the western side 
abutting against the great anticlinal fault, which may be well 
seen at Hare Stones, on the western edge of the basin ; while 
on the eastern side the Kinder rock gradually flattens out and 
soon becomes covered up by the shales of the lower Third Grits. 
The whole of this great mass of Kinder, forming Black Hambledon 
ridge, has been thus bent over from west to east, from Gorple 
to Hawkstones, a distance of from two to three miles, without 
breaking. It is now more than thirty years since the writer first 
beheld this truly wonderful phenomenon, but many a long tramp 
has he had over the wild moorlands since that time. 
The Kinder Grit and Yoredale strata of Blackstone Edge 
also bend over, and the latter abuts against the anticlinal fault, 
as shown in Section I. 
The great anticlinal fault has a down-throw to the west of at 
least 1,000 feet, for the upper Third Grits are thrown down in 
many places against the Kinder Grit. [Geology of the Burnley 
Coal Field.] The Yoredale rocks are exposed in the Todmorden 
valley for a space of about 2 J miles square, and more than 
1,000 feet of Kinder rock and Yoredale strata have been 
carried away from the centre of the valley, thus exposing a great 
thickness of Yoredale rocks. The valley of the Calder from this 
