CUTTRISS : NOTES ON THE CAVES OF YORKSHIRE. 
435 
cave which has a stream of water flowing tlirough it, and they 
are all more or less choked up with drift and other deposit. 
In the latter section the reverse is the case, the writer not being 
aware of a single example which is not at present an active 
drainage channel."^ 8ome have dry passages, resulting from the 
water finding a lower level, but all in some part of their 
I'amifications have water flowing through them. Another distinc- 
tion is the abundance of pot-holes in the one and entire absence 
of similar phenomena in the other (No. II.). The usual accepta- 
tion of the word Cave implies a more or less horizontal passage 
or passages in whicli may be larger openings designated caverns. 
Tlie term Pot-hole is applied to vertical shafts or chasms in the 
limestone, which are enlarged fissures in the rock due to the 
action of falling water. No hard and fast line can be drawn 
between the two classes of phenomena, as frequently both kinds 
are associated in one drainage system. Pot-holes frequently 
have caverns at the bottom, while the caves occasionally include 
pot-holes in some part of their course. 
The caves may be classified under the two heads of Caves 
of Engulphment and Caves of Debouchure. In the Leek Fell 
and Kingsdale districts they are entirely of the first-named 
variety, if we except the Witches Cave in Easegill, while in 
Chapel-le-dale and Ribblesdale the principal ones are Caves of 
Debouchure. Caves of Engulphment — those which receive water 
— are usually low and encumbered with loose stones, entrance 
being only possible in many cases by creeping. The passage 
generally increases in height to 20 feet or more, but rarely 
exceeds G feet in width, being more often under 3 feet. When it 
does expand sufliciently to be dignified b}^ the title of a chamber 
or cavern, either a pi'esent or past waterfall is always associated 
with it. The upper part of the walls is generally covered with 
a soft calcareous deposit, and occasionally small stalactitic ribs, 
but as a rule these caves contain few stalactites of any size, and 
* If any dry caves exist they will probably be found in the neighbour- 
hood of Crummack Dale and the Moughton Fells, wliich is the most 
likely quartei' to search for caves containing bone deposits. 
