120 
ground ; but surely the turnips may be pulled, and cattle of 
some description kept, as is done in innumerable instances. 
And the management of other farmers shows, that fallowing 
is not absolutely required every fourth year. 
Speaking generally, the stall feeding of cattle is pursued to 
a very limited extent, so that little manure is made at home. 
Six beasts, consisting of milch cows and young calves, is the 
average quantity of cattle (sheep excepted) kept on 100 acres ; 
these are kept in winter in the straw-fold. There is con- 
siderable doubt expressed by many farmers, respecting the 
efficacy of the manures derived from depasturage by sheep, 
and many are of opinion that the injury received by the land 
is greater than the benefit derived from the practice. Indeed, 
from the known volatility of ammoniacal salts, it is plain that 
the liquid manures and the nitrogenous portions of the solid 
ones are nearly all evaporated before the time they can be of 
service to the ensuing barley crop ; hence, if one-tenth only of 
the whole land be in turnips, and this only imperfectly manured, 
and little manure be made at home by the stock which are 
kept in open yards, where the evaporation of ammonia is con- 
stantly in progress, — it will follow that the magnesian lime- 
stone farmerl^are very near w^hoUy indebted to the foreign 
manures purchased for the production of their crops. Now 
this mode of obtaining manure to raise the whole crops is ex- 
travagant in the highest degree. Bones and rape dust are 
applied in variable quantities; that is, for 100 acres. There 
are three modes of manuring in use for turnips, three for the 
barley crop, and three for the wheat crop, and by taking an 
average expense of each of these, we shall be able to ascer- 
tain the sums paid for foreign manures. One farmer uses 
bones only, and applies 3 qrs. per acre at 24s., which amounts 
to £3 12s. per acre, and on one-fourth of 100 acres (suppos- 
ing his farm entirely upon the four-course shift) would 
amount to £90. Another farpnpr uses five loads per acre of 
