124 
with a population of only ten souls on every twenty acres, is 
obliged to import a considerable portion of food. 
For a full account of Flemish husbandry, I must refer you 
to Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, to three numbers 
in the Farmers' series, entitled " Flemish Husbandry," and 
to a pamphlet written by Sir John Sinclair, entitled " Hints 
on the Agricultural state of the Netherlands." In the mean- 
time I would mention, that every beast produces at the rate 
of ten to twelve tons of dung and twenty-six hogsheads of 
urine in the year. The following quantities are taken from 
the Farmers' series " On Manures," and from the Flemish 
Husbandry : — 
URINE. 
Urine, quantity produced, 12 lb. turnips produce 6 gallons of 
urine, besides the water which they drink, (p. 274. — F. S.) 
Every beast produces 26 hogsheads of 54 gallons per year, (p. 22.) 
Flemish husbandry — or 4 gallons per day — 5 tons weight per 
year. 
5 cows produce 365 casks of 20 gallons each, (p. 79.) Liebig 
says one pound of urine will produce one pound of wheat, and 
therefore one cow's urine 64 loads of wheat per year ! ! 
SOLID AND FARM- YARD DUNG. 
Each beast produces 20 to 12 tons per year, fed on distillery 
grain, of solid dung (page 22.) 
A cow fed on 81 lb. of brewer's grains, 30 lb. of raw potatoes, and 
15 lbs. of hay, produced 45 lb. of solid dung, no litter allowed. 
The same cow fed on 170 lb. of potatoes and 25 lb. of hay, 
amounted to 73 lb. of solid dung. — (Farmers' series, p. 255.) 
When well littered and fully fed with turnips, 12 beasts yield a 
one-horse cart load of dung every 24 hours ; but 16 or 18 will 
scarcely produce that quantity if bedded on straw, with a small 
allowance of turnips — (Do.) 
Dr. Coventry, professor of agriculture, states, that 21 cwt. is the 
average amount of straw per acre from wheat, barley, or Oats, 
and if properly managed, will produce 4 tons per acre of farm- 
yard manure (p. 253, Farmers' Series.) 
