162 
cemented together and coloured by ochre, and that the pre- 
sent subaqueous deposits are undergoing the same course. 
In primary formations the spathose, or sparry iron, is met 
with forming powerful veins in Gneiss, associated with quartz 
and copper pyrites. In the coal series of Wibsey and Bowl- 
ing, there is a great abundance of the unlaminated carbonate 
or clay ironstone, and the sulphuret or pyrites is plentiful 
in the south-eastern parts of this parish, encrusting the coal, 
and interspersed in plates and shale. 
The soils of the south-western acclivities of Southowram, 
with the adjoining parts of Elland, and the western bank of 
the Shibden valley, consist chiefly of a sandy clay, and the 
sub-strata alternate in shale, coal bands, loam, and flagstone ; 
but so plentiful is pyrites in these districts, that green vitriol 
works are in active operation at the first-named places, and 
were erected some years ago in the last. 
To this binary compound mineral, the Horley Green spring, 
situated in the Shibden valley, owes, by chemical decompo- 
sition, its most prominent ingredient. 
As analysed by one of our members, Mr. West, an 
imperial gallon of this water contains, of 
Carbonic Acid Gas 5.5 Cubic inches. 
Nitrogen 7.25 do. 
Total, 12.75 do. 
Grs. 
40-77 Sulphate of iron, dry, or 74.5 in crystals. 
15.26 Sulphate of lime, or 19-3 in crystals. 
5. Sulphate of magnesia, or 10.25 in crystals. 
.32 Chloride of calcium, or .59 in crystals. 
.93 Silica. 
1.22 Alumina. 
63.5 Temperature 48.5 F. 
