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assist in tracing out the Geological character of this neigh- 
bourhood. Thus, there are extensive stone quarries, gene- 
rally containing three beds, of variable thickness, from 10 to 
40 feet, the lowest, however, usually surpassing the upper 
ones in this respect, with a dip to the S. and S. E. ; several 
collieries, two or three copperas works, and brick and black 
earthenware manufactures. 
The quarries and collieries are all situated on, or in the 
vicinity of, the surrounding hills. The stone is of an are- 
I naceous and argillaceous nature, apparently coloured by the 
peroxide of iron, and cemented by aluminous matter, being 
capable of fine lamination. It rarely contains any organic 
remains. At Ainley top to the south of Elland, on the 
Huddersfield road cut through the hill, several faults in the 
strata are very discernible. 
The coal around Elland lies at a lower level than that of 
the two beds, but, as already stated, from the same fossils 
being found in each, and other circumstances, they are con- 
sidered to be the same. It is found on both sides of the 
valley, although on different levels, from an intervening fault. 
There is both a hard and soft bed mined, the former lying 
nearest the surface, being distant from the latter usually 
about 30 yards. The average thickness of the hard bed is 
24 inches, that of the soft bed about 20 inches. Both beds 
0 vary considerably, however, in this respect, dwindling down, 
here and there, to less than a foot. On the Elland edge 
and Ainley hills, the coal is usually obtained by sinking; 
that in the Southowram hill, or Elland Park, by running 
m galleries under the hill, and commencing somewhat above 
B the level of the Calder. In each situation both hard and 
soft beds are worked, and it has happened on more occasions 
than one, that the hard and soft beds, in consequence of 
faults, have been mined from the same level. 
In the seams of coal and strata adjoining it, large quan- 
