277 
they are of full growth, and are pulled up and housed by 
the end of September, — and that Mr. Aelbrook sowed some in 
May, which were of sufficient size in August to be given to 
cows. {Flem, Hush. p. 89.) This year (1841) hundreds of acres 
of turnips had scarcely attained any size, many scarcely were 
hoed at the time, when large quantities of wheat were dead 
ripe on the 20th August. Had this wheat been cut as in 
Scotland, and that more profitably 14 days sooner (see 
p. 249), and the land sown with turnips and watered with 
urine, (which can be done so easily with Crosskill's water cart) 
I have not the slightest doubt that these later-sown turnips 
on stubbles would have been equal in value to the early sown. 
— Farmers have strange ideas respecting the climate of dif- 
ferent places in England ; we hear of the climate of London, 
that of the Wolds, or that of the western hills of Yorkshire, 
&c. According to Howard's observations, the mean annual 
temperature of the metropolis is 50.5°, while that of the 
country around London is only 48.5° ; so that by an artificial 
elevation of temperature (as the reflection of light from the 
surfaces of walls, fires, &c.) the metropolis is hotter by 300 
miles of north latitude than the adjoining country, and hence 
visitors to this city justly conclude that they have got into a 
much warmer climate. But according to Sir R. Phillips, there 
are only two degrees difference of mean annual temperature 
between the extreme north and south points of England ; so 
that between places upon the same level there can be little 
variation in actual climate, particularly between parts of 
Yorkshire and the southern counties. The elevated portion 
of the Wolds and Western Hills will have a lower tempera- 
ture than the surrounding country of a lower elevation, by 
a degree of Faranheit for every .300 feet in their vertical 
height, hence the Wolds will at all times have a colder 
climate than the plain of York by li degrees; but winter 
tares sown on stubbles are constantly grown there, and do 
