280 
shire, and that not to a small extent, but on nearly the 
whole of their stubbles. In the first place, these tares are 
sown on the stubbles from the 1st of September to the 1st of 
November, at intervals, so that there is ample time to get the 
crop into the ground, and make previously a partial fallow : 
besides, winter tares are sown all over England to be mown 
for horses, and there is little difficulty experienced in getting 
them into the ground. Now, will land be cleaner in the follow- 
ing May by growing tares, or being uncleaned, growing no 
cultivated crop ? Certainly it will be cleaner by having upon 
it tares, which act as a smothering crop. In fact, it is for the 
same reason that a crop of autumn-sown wheat is always cleaner 
than a spring-sown one, supposing both to be sown on clover- 
ley. The crop, whatever it may be, which first gets posses- 
sion, keeps it. The tare crop is begun to be eaten ofi" by 
sheep in the middle of May, and turnip-sowing generally is 
seldom completed before the end of the first or second week 
in July, or even later, so that surely there is adequate time in 
two months to eat ofi*, and prepare the tare-stubble for turnips, 
which should be done at intervals as the ground becomes 
vacant. Stubble turnips could be only successfully cultivated 
by the use of liquid manure ; which ought to be poured on 
the land before sowing the seed, and then afterwards as 
soon as the turnips appear on the surface. I disagree with 
Mr. Torre in the use of an absorbent for liquid manure ; 
much will be lost and evaporated, and there will be the addi- 
tional weight of the absorbent matter to be carried to the 
tank, and afterwards away to the field. Very little is yet 
known in this country of the use of liquid manures, and any 
single individual's experience is not to be relied upon. Mr. 
Torre is of opinion that the soil of the Netherlands is better 
than that of most parts of England. I can only refer to Mr. 
Rham's opinion, (given in a note p. 268), who has written on 
the state of the agriculture of the Netherlands, and who 
